Review of studies Flashcards
classic study Learning
Watson + Rayner 1920 A: see if they could condition a phobic response to a white rat in an infant using principles of classical conditioning S: 1 ppt, independant, lab exp IV: rat paired with loud bang DV: emotional response
P: 1 month prior: albert in well lit room and gave him rat, bunny, mask - no response
- x1 pairing
- x5 pairing then played with wooden block
- checked for responses (stimuli with no bang)
- location changed, same as session 3 (lecture room 4 ppl)
* 1 month* - tested response with santa mask to see if conditioned overtime
R:
- happy with rat/ cried with bang
- cried crawl away/ played with blocks
- stimulus generalisation
- check fear wasn’t just in the lab
- still has fear response
C:
- conditioned phobias could last lifetime
- CC can be used to associate tear to previously NS
- stimulus generalisation
evaluation for classic study learning
Generalisability - age - individuals diff, didn't know personality traits - maybe albert was unusual Ethics - unethical procedure, no debrief Application - if we are aware of how phobia takes place can create treatments. use SD and flooding as it can counter effect classical conditioning Controls - baseline test at beginning - weekly - wooden blocks - change location
Classic study biological
Raine et al 1997
A- brain abnormalities in murderers
S- 41ppts 39M 2F NGRI
P - matched pairs, medication free 2 weeks prior to PET scan
- PET SCAN to trace brain functioning
- tracer injected to trace brain metabolism
- continuous performance task (blurred numbers) to make frontal lobe work
Pilot study - 22ppts 22 control
Classic study - cognitive
Baddely 1966b
Aim: investigate influence of acoustic and semantic word similarity on learning and recall in short and long term memory
Sample: 72 ppts assigned to 1 of 4 conditions
lab experiment to test recall of acoustically and semantic similar word list
List A: 10 acoustically similar (man, can, cat)
List B: 10 acoustically dissimilar
List C: 10 semantically similar (great, large)
List D: 10 semantically dissimilar
- list of 10 words presented via a projector at a rate of 1 word every 3 secs
- after ppts asked to complete 6 tasks involving memory for digits
- then asked to recall the word list in 1 min by writing down in correct order
- repeated over 4 learning trials
- after trials groups were given 15 mins interference task involving copying 8 digit sequences at own pace
- ppts given re-test on word list sequences at own pace
classic study - social
Sherif et al 1954 - robbers cave experiment
A: see whether intro to comp will increase hostility and see whether superordinate goal will decrease hostility
S: 22 boys 11 years old middle class, protestant, Oklahoma, none knew each other prior
P: boys matched on athletic and educational ability
- 2 groups arrived on different days to different location
- data collected over 3 weeks
- parents paid $25 to not visit
Stage 1: in group formation
- non competitive activities to bond in group (rattlers or eagles)
- canoeing, tent pitching, building campfires
Stage 2: friction
- tournament against out group with prizes and medals
- tug of war, baseball, tent pitching
- extra points for treasure hunt
- researchers trashed rattlers campsite
Stage 3: reduce friction
- increasing social contact by eating and watching movie together
- had to collectively raise money to watch the film
- superordinate goal introduced; fixing water tank that provided water to both groups
R:
- boys formed own group norms chose name and made flag that formed group identity
- hostility then after tournament, boys fought, name called and eagles burned rattlers flag
- when asked who they friend were 93% chose in group
- after movie and bus boys reassess friends and increase number of friendships that were now outgroup
classic study - criminological
Loftus and Palmer 1974
A: see whether leading questions would influence estimates of speed of vehicle among EWT
P: 45 students 5 groups saw 7 short film clips of a traffic accident
How fast were the cars going when they HIT, SMASHED, COLLIDED, BUMPED, CONTACTED?
R; smashed = 40.5
collided = 39.3
bumped = 38.1
hit = 34
contacted = 31.8
C: 1. verb created bias and influenced decisions
2. word changes memory and they recall it differently
loftus and palmer exp 2
p: 150 students watched film showing a car accident
3 groups SMASHED HIT and NO SPEED QUESTION
week later.. did you see any glass
R: smashed = 32% yes
Hit = 14% yes
control = 12% yes
Classic study - clinical
Rosenhan 1973 - being sane in insane places
aim: to test reliability of mental health diagnoses and to see if medical professionals could tell the sane from the insane in a clinical setting
sample: 8 pseudo patients
- 3 women
- 5 men
- 3 psychologists, a painter, housewife etc.
* hospital administrator and chief knew about Rosenhan
setting: 12 hospitals in 5 different states
procedure 1: P-ps had interview and reported symptoms ‘empty’, ‘hollow’ and ‘thud’ and details on life
(gave different name and personal history)
After admission: behaved normally and did not swallow meds
Task 1: seek release by being ‘sane’
Task 2: observe covertly mentally disordered patients
results 1: P-ps never detected
- 7/8 admitted schizophrenia in remission
- Hospital stay = 7-52 days
- Average stay = 19 days
observation results: 1. lack of monitoring
- very little contact between doctors and segregation between staff and patients
- distortions of behaviour
- all normal behaviour became interpreted and labelled schizophrenic
overall psychiatric hospitals not able to distinguish insane and sane
procedure and results for #2: (staff at hospital doubted the findings)
P: Rosenhan told them over the next 3 months 1 or more P-ps would attempt admission.
Hospital staff were asked to rate likelihood of p-ps 1-10
R: judgements on 193 patients
41/193 with high confidence by at least 1 member of staff
no genuine p-ps was sent
social evaluation
Validity
- natural environment but boys may have guessed they were being studies. good task validity
Reliability
- 3 replications showed different results so inconsistent proceudre
Credibility
- low credibility as integrity of study was questioned and there was ethical implications
Generalisability
- limited number from a limited sample of competitive sporting boys
Objectivity/subjectivity
- High subjectivity as the boys behaviour was interpreted by researchers
cognitive evaluation
Validity
- tasks not an everyday use of memory and lab exp
Reliability
- good controls over memory trials
Credibility
- good credibility as scientific procedure used
Generalisability
- only generalised to experimental conditions
Objectivity
- objective recordings taken of word recall
biological evaluation
Validity
- PET scans are an accurate measure of brain activity
Reliability
- Scientific equipment is reliable
Credibility
- brain imaging equipment used but only on a small sample with considerable ethical issues
Generalisability
- small sample size of selected murderers which are not representative
Objectivity/subjectivity
- objective PET scan recordings taken
Learning evaluation
Validity
- ecological validity
Reliability
- control over many stimuli to ensure phobia was to the rat
Credibility
- ethical issues limit credibility but it is good evidence of classical conditioning in a human
Generalisability
- age, individuals diff, didn’t know personality traits, maybe albert was unusual
Objectivity
- Objective recordings taken of Albert’s behaviour, film footage evidence emotional reaction
clinical evaluation
Validity
- High validity due to naturalistic environment
Reliability
- standardised procedure ‘empty, hollow, thud’
Generalisability
- 12 hospital in 5 states but in the US
Objectivity/subjectivity
- P-ps notes both qualitative and quantitative
