learning and performance

Question 1

what are the 3 stages of learning

Answer 1

cognitive
associative
autonomous

Question 2

cognitive stage

Answer 2

• lack coordination
• large number of errors
• trial and error
• motor programme not developed

Question 3

associative stage

Answer 3

• more smooth movement
• practice is used
• motor programmes start to form

Question 4

autonomous stage

Answer 4

• motor programmes formed
• practice to stay expert
• no errors

Question 5

define feedback and the types

Answer 5

feedback = information to aid error correction
negative feedback: error correction
intrinsic: from within
positive: encouragement
performance: about technique
extrinsic: outside source
results: about outcome

Question 6

what feedback for cognitive performer

Answer 6

• positive for encouragement

- extrinsic as they have no knowledge

Question 7

what feedback for an associative performer

Answer 7

extrinsic to refine movements

intrinsic

Question 8

what feedback for an autonomous performer

Answer 8

negative

but intrinsic

Question 9

plateau

Answer 9

period of no improvement in performance

Question 10

drive reduction

Answer 10

an end of task period when performance may get worse

Question 11

causes of a plateau

Answer 11

motivation 
boredom
coaching
limit to ability
target too low
fatigue

Question 12

solutions to overcome a plateau

Answer 12

extended
variety
explained
rest
coach
feedback

Question 13

what are the methods of guidance

Answer 13

visual guidance
verbal
manual
mechanical

Question 14

visual guidance

Answer 14

= guidance that can be seen to create a mental image that can be used as a reference in the future
- demonstration
- media
books

Question 15

pros and cons of visual guidance

Answer 15

• good for beginners
• clear movement
• specific cues
• used to correct weakness
• demotivating if skill is beyond capacity
• contains too much info
• poor replication if inaccurate

Question 16

verbal guidance

Answer 16

= an explanation, technical and detailed advice

- used in conjunction with visual guidance

Question 17

pros and cons of verbal guidance

Answer 17

• good for all stages
• helps for a mental picture
• promotes tactics
• may misunderstand
• may be difficult to explain
• boring
• lose concentration

Question 18

manual guidance

Answer 18

= physical support such as holding a gymnast on a vault

Question 19

pros and cons of manual guidance

Answer 19

• all stages
• reduces fear and danger
• builds confidence
• over-reliant
• do not learn from mistakes
• difficult in large group situations

Question 20

mechanical guidance

Answer 20

= an artificial aid

Question 21

pros and cons of mechanical guidance

Answer 21

• builds confidence
• disabled athletes
• eliminate danger
• early feel for skill
• bad habit
• too dependant
• lessen motivation

Question 22

what are the theories of learning

Answer 22

operant conditioning 
insight learning (gestaltist theories)
constructivism (vygotsky)
observational learning (bandura)

Question 23

observational learning

Answer 23

= leanred by copying others

Attention - should be clear, bright, successful, accurate
Retention - should be meaningful and relevant
Motor reproduction - capable of doing task
Motivation - rewards, praise

Bandura

Question 24

cognitive learning/ insight learning

Answer 24

Gestalt
= using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to whole skill

• thinking and understanding
• problem solving
• past experience
• seeking skill as whole

works because motivation and self satisfaction and better than being told

Question 25

constructivism

Answer 25

Vygotsky
= leaning by association with others

learner uses zone of proximal development so asses what they need to do which are:
What i can do?
What i can do with help?
what I can’t do

stage 1 = inter psychological leaning (from others)
stage 2 = intra psychological learning (think and construct actions based on what they learnt)

• skills learned by MKO

Question 26

operation conditioning

Answer 26

= use of reinforcement to link between stimulus and response

3 features

1. based on trial and error learning
2. coach might manipulate environment
3. shapes behaviour by using reinforcement

Question 27

learning

Answer 27

= change in behaviour as a result of practice

Question 28

zone of proximal development

Answer 28

the next stage of learning based on the performers needs, expectations and current level of performance

Question 29

satisfier

Answer 29

an action that promotes a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated

Question 30

annoyer

Answer 30

action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses

Question 31

positive reinforcement

Answer 31

a pleasant stimulus after the correct response

Question 32

negatie reinforcement

Answer 32

taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response

Question 33

punishment

Answer 33

an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions occurring