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skill aquisition Flashcards

1
Q

information processing

A

method where data from environment are collected

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2
Q

display and example

A

sporting environment e.g. crowd

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3
Q

receptor systems

A

senses that pick up info from the display

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4
Q

5 different senses

A 
sight
auditory
touch
balance
kinesthesis
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5
Q

kinesthesis

A

inner sense that provides info from within the body

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6
Q

proprioceptors

A

senses that provide internal info from within the body

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7
Q

selective attention

A

filtering relevant information from irrelevant information

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8
Q

how to develop selective attention

A
  • stimulus made more intense and bright

- improved motivation

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9
Q

benefits of selective attention

A
  • improved reaction time

- correct decision

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10
Q

DCR

A

detection - picked up relevant info
comparison - match info identified to info already in memory
recognition - use info from memory to identify appropriate response

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11
Q

perceptual mechanism

A

detects the hose of info picked up by the receptors and ensures it is filtered into relevant and irrelevant information

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12
Q

translatory mechanism

A

adapting and comparing coded info to memory so decisions can be made

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13
Q

how does translators mechanism work? and example

A

it uses coded info from perceptual process to pick out an appropriate motor programme
e.g. info on flight of ball compared with image of backhand

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14
Q

effector mechanism

A

network of nerves that sends coded impulse to muscles so muscles can perform the action

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15
Q

whitings information processing model

A

input -> receptor systems -> perceptual mechanism -> translators mechanism -> effector mechanism -> muscular system -> output -> feedback data

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16
Q

who developed schema theory?

A

schmidt 1982

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17
Q

what is schema theory?

A

when developing a skill core principles can be taken from an existing motor programme and adapted using info from the display and feedback from sense

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18
Q

example of schema theory

A

javelin and football keeper both use motor programmes made up of sub-routines such as grip, arm action and follow through

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19
Q

define recall schema

A

initiates movement, comes before the action

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20
Q

2 parts of recall schema

A
  1. initial conditions = info from environment (where am i?)

2. response specifications = info from environment is assessed (what do I need to do?)

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21
Q

define recognition schema

A

controls movement, happens during action

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22
Q

2 parts of recognition schema

A
  1. sensory consequences = info about the feel of movement, use senses to help guide the movement
  2. response outcome = feedback about the result, schema + motor programme updated by knowledge of results
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23
Q

3 things a coach can do when coaching schema?

A
  • varied practice
  • frequent feedback to ensure actions and motor programmes can be adjusted
  • reinforcement = increased motivation
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24
Q
  1. initial conditions and example
A

info from environment (where am i?) e.g. position on court must be recognised before schema can be used

25
2. response specification and example
info from environment is assessed (what do I need to do?) e.g. how close is opposition how long do i need to pass the ball
26
3. sensory consequences and example
info about the feel of movement, use senses to help guide the movement e.g. when a longer pass is needed arm action would be stronger
27
4. response outcome and example
feedback about the result, schema + motor programme updated by knowledge of results e.g. did the pass reach the target if pass was successful schema was successful
28
response time define
time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task
29
response time formula
reaction time + movement time
30
reaction time
time taken from onset of a stimulus to onset of a response
31
movement time
time taken from start to completion of a task
32
simple reaction time and example
1 specific response to 1 stimulus e.g. start of a race
33
choice reaction time and example
choosing from numerous stimulus and then once correct stimulus is chosen choosing from numerous responses e.g. football
34
what are the 4 factors influencing response time?
1. hicks law 2. single channel hypothesis 3. psychology refractory period 3. anticipation
35
what is hicks law?
reaction time increases as number of choices increases
36
advantage of hicks law
you can keep opponents guessing e.g. change tennis serve as this increases response preparation time and delays actions of opponents
37
why might hicks law not be correct
players get familiar with environment
38
what is single channel hypothesis?
stimuli can only be processes 1 at a time | - the delay in processing a second stimuli increases response time
39
what is PRP
psychological refractory period | = a delay when a 2nd stimulus is presented before the 1st has been processed
40
what might happen to a performer when a 2nd stimulus i presented before the first has been processed
performer might freeze to sort out conflicting info
41
PRP example
tennis opponent hits ball to forehand it hits net and goes to backhand
42
advantage of PRP
deceive an opponent to force delay in their response e.g. dummy
43
Anticipation
= prejudging a stimulus from cues e.g. body language
44
2 types of anticipation
``` temporal = when it is going to happen spatial = what and where it is going to happen ```
45
5 thing to improve response time
1. mental practice 2. increased focus and concentration (making stimulus more intense) 3. anticipation 4. fitness ( interval training and plyometrics) 5. train to specific stimuluses
46
central executive
control centre for WMM and uses 3 other systems to control all info
47
phonological loop
deals with auditory info from senses and helps produce the memory trace
48
visuospatial sketchpad
used to temporarily store visual and spatial information
49
two parts of phonological loop
phonological store and articulatory system e.g. coaches instructions
50
2 parts of visuospatial sketchpad
visual cache = form and colour | Inner scribe = spatial and movement info
51
Episodic buffer
coordinates PL and VS into sequences which produce patterns of skilled actions and sent to LTM
52
LTM
receives info from working memory and has an unlimited capacity for storage of motor programmes
53
process of long term memory
1. WM picks relevant info filters irrelevant and goes to LTM 2. WM produces a memory trace of skill and works with LTM by sending memory trace to it so it can be compared to info already contained in LTM
54
do WM and LTM work together ?
yes in a 2-way process to help sports performer compare info and make decisions
55
3 features of working memory
- initiates action by sending memory trace - limited capacity 7 items (anything more lost) - limited time scale 30secs
56
2 features of long term memory
- important info stored in form of motor programme which is a more permanent trace of skill - has larger capacity and it can store info for a lifetime if needed
57
7 strategies to ensure information is stored in the LTM
``` Chunking Rewards Reinforcement Chaining Focus and concentration Mental practice Association ```
58
chunking
= breaking the skilled action into parts or sub-routines
59
chaining
items of info recalled in a sequence

psychology (16 decks)

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