skills Flashcards
characteristics of skill
aesthetically pleasing consistent efficient fluent accurate controlled economical
skill continua
- open - closed = unpredictable/predictable environment
- gross - fine = large / smaller muscle groups
- self - externally = controls start and speed of skill
- discrete - continuous - serial
- high - low organised = broken down into parts e.g. swimming stroke and volley in football
- simple - complex = requires few decision e.g. forwards roll and hockey dribble
skill
the learned ability to bring about predetermined results within the minimum outlay of time, energy or both
discrete
serial
continuous
with examples
discrete: clear beginning and end e.g. tennis serve
serial: contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement e.g. gymnastic routine
continuous: no clear beginning and end e.g. cycling
transfer define
the effect of the learning and perfjoamcne of one skill on the learning and performance of another
define the types of transfer
positive: learning of one skill aids the learning of another
negative: when the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
zero: when the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another
bilateral: when the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb
examples with the type of transfer
positive: basketball pass and netball pass
negative: tennis uses arm and badminton uses wrist
zero: rock climbing and swimming
bilateral: right foot to left foot in football
how can positive transfer be encouraged
- making sure training is realistic e.g. use of cones or rugby tackle bags replaced by real people
- make sure that one skill is learned well before moving on to a more advanced skill so players experience progression
- rewards and reinforcement
what are the methods of practice
whole practice
whole part whole practice
progressive part practice
types of practice
massed practice
distributed practice
varied practice
mental practice
whole practice
= practicing the skill in its entirety without breaking it into sub-routines
when to use whole practice
- fast
- discrete
- highly organised
- simple
- closed
- self-paced
- simple
- autonomous stage as able to cope with demands
- sub-routines maintained or skill needs to be performed in a specific order
advantages of whole practice
- feel of whole skill
- keeps links between sub-routines
- creates specific images that can be stored in LTM and contains a mental image of all parts of the skill so it can easily be recalled
- develops kinaesthesis or understanding
disadvantages of whole practice
- too much information
- beyond capabilities of performer
- not fo beginners
whole part whole practice
= assessing the skill, identifying weakness to practise, then putting the skill back together
when to use whole part whole practice
- complex
- fast
- difficult to isolate parts of skill yet performer has specific weakness
advantages of whole part whole practice
- motivation when success is achieved and weakness is corrected
- provides immediate feedback so you can correct errors
- fluency and integration of sub routines maintained whilst errors are corrected
disadvantages of whole part whole practice
- time consuming
- some skills cannot be broken down
progressive part practice
= practising the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually AKA chaining
chaining
linking parts of a task together in order when practising
when to use progressive part practice
- complex
- serial
- externally paced
- low organised
- dangerous skills e.g. trampoline routine
advantages of progressive part practice
- keeps links between parts
- reduces danger
- reduces fatigue
- reduces demands
- focus on weakness
- stages of success gives motivation
disadvantages of progressive part practice
time consuming if first part is incorrect
examples of whole, whole part whole and progressive part practice
whole = tennis serve
whole part whole = golf swing when performer has poor grip
progressive part = dance routine
