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psychology > skills > Flashcards

skills Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of skill

A 
aesthetically pleasing
consistent
efficient
fluent
accurate
controlled
economical
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2
Q

skill continua

A
  • open - closed = unpredictable/predictable environment
  • gross - fine = large / smaller muscle groups
  • self - externally = controls start and speed of skill
  • discrete - continuous - serial
  • high - low organised = broken down into parts e.g. swimming stroke and volley in football
  • simple - complex = requires few decision e.g. forwards roll and hockey dribble
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3
Q

skill

A

the learned ability to bring about predetermined results within the minimum outlay of time, energy or both

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4
Q

discrete
serial
continuous
with examples

A

discrete: clear beginning and end e.g. tennis serve
serial: contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement e.g. gymnastic routine
continuous: no clear beginning and end e.g. cycling

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5
Q

transfer define

A

the effect of the learning and perfjoamcne of one skill on the learning and performance of another

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6
Q

define the types of transfer

A

positive: learning of one skill aids the learning of another
negative: when the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
zero: when the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another
bilateral: when the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb

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7
Q

examples with the type of transfer

A

positive: basketball pass and netball pass
negative: tennis uses arm and badminton uses wrist
zero: rock climbing and swimming
bilateral: right foot to left foot in football

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8
Q

how can positive transfer be encouraged

A
  • making sure training is realistic e.g. use of cones or rugby tackle bags replaced by real people
  • make sure that one skill is learned well before moving on to a more advanced skill so players experience progression
  • rewards and reinforcement
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9
Q

what are the methods of practice

A

whole practice
whole part whole practice
progressive part practice

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10
Q

types of practice

A

massed practice
distributed practice
varied practice
mental practice

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11
Q

whole practice

A

= practicing the skill in its entirety without breaking it into sub-routines

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12
Q

when to use whole practice

A
  • fast
  • discrete
  • highly organised
  • simple
  • closed
  • self-paced
  • simple
  • autonomous stage as able to cope with demands
  • sub-routines maintained or skill needs to be performed in a specific order
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13
Q

advantages of whole practice

A
  • feel of whole skill
  • keeps links between sub-routines
  • creates specific images that can be stored in LTM and contains a mental image of all parts of the skill so it can easily be recalled
  • develops kinaesthesis or understanding
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14
Q

disadvantages of whole practice

A
  • too much information
  • beyond capabilities of performer
  • not fo beginners
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15
Q

whole part whole practice

A

= assessing the skill, identifying weakness to practise, then putting the skill back together

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16
Q

when to use whole part whole practice

A
  • complex
  • fast
  • difficult to isolate parts of skill yet performer has specific weakness
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17
Q

advantages of whole part whole practice

A
  • motivation when success is achieved and weakness is corrected
  • provides immediate feedback so you can correct errors
  • fluency and integration of sub routines maintained whilst errors are corrected
18
Q

disadvantages of whole part whole practice

A
  • time consuming

- some skills cannot be broken down

19
Q

progressive part practice

A

= practising the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually AKA chaining

20
Q

chaining

A

linking parts of a task together in order when practising

21
Q

when to use progressive part practice

A
  • complex
  • serial
  • externally paced
  • low organised
  • dangerous skills e.g. trampoline routine
22
Q

advantages of progressive part practice

A
  • keeps links between parts
  • reduces danger
  • reduces fatigue
  • reduces demands
  • focus on weakness
  • stages of success gives motivation
23
Q

disadvantages of progressive part practice

A

time consuming if first part is incorrect

24
Q

examples of whole, whole part whole and progressive part practice

A

whole = tennis serve
whole part whole = golf swing when performer has poor grip
progressive part = dance routine

25
Q

massed practice

A

= continuous with no rest intervals

26
Q

when is massed practice used

A
  • discrete
  • simple
  • closed
  • highly organised
  • self-paced
27
Q

advantages of massed practice

A
  • forms motor programme
  • increases fitness
  • enhances over learning
  • good for habitual responses
  • efficient
28
Q

diadvantages of massed practice

A
  • no time for feedback
  • fatigue
  • too demanding
29
Q

distributed practice

A

= involves rest intervals between sessions

30
Q

when is distributed practice used

A
  • continuous
  • complex
  • low organised
  • serial
  • externally paced
31
Q

advantages of distributed practice

A
  • allows recovery
  • less mental pressure
  • allows feedback
  • reduces danger
32
Q

disadvantages of distributed practice

A
  • time consuming

- negative transfer which could happen after the rest intervals

33
Q

varied practice

A

= changing the practice type and the practice drills

34
Q

when is varied practice used

A
  • complex
  • open
  • externally paced
35
Q

advantages of varied practice

A
  • builds schema
  • gives motivation
  • allows adaptation
36
Q

disadvantages of varied practice

A
  • time consuming
  • negative transfer
  • fatigue
  • too demanding
37
Q

mental practice

A

= go over it in the mind without movement

38
Q

when is mental practice used

A
  • serial complex

- novice and expert

39
Q

advantages of mental practice

A
  • improves reaction time
  • builds motor programme
  • builds confidence
  • controls anxiety
40
Q

disadvantages of mental practice

A
  • must be correct

- environment must be calm

41
Q

examples of the types of practice

A

massed practice = basketball practicing free throw
distributed practice = practicing stroke techniqe
varied practice = players practicing a football pass
mental practice = going over trampoline routine

psychology (16 decks)

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