society paper 1 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
6 characteristics of pre industrial Britain
A
- limited communication and transport
- illiteracy
- violent cruel existences
- limited free time
- class division
- rural
2
Q
popular recreation define
A
sport in pre-industrial Britain
3
Q
5 popular recreation characteristics
A
- long working hours so occasional
- limited transport so local
- illiteracy so basic rules
- harsh society so violent male dominated
- wagers placed by upper class
4
Q
5 characteristics of mob football
A
- violent
- injury/death
- damaged property
- gambling/wagering
- drunken behaviour
5
Q
5 characteristics of real tennis
A
- upper/middle class
- educated so complex rules
- lacked violence, high moral code
- regular, free time
- specialist equipment
6
Q
footracing
A
- footmen competing by gentry
- gentry wagering how many miles they could cover in a specific time
- success increased social status for gentlemen so upper class happy to work as patrons for them by setting prize money
7
Q
patron
A
member of gentry who looked after a lower-class performer e.g. by arranging comps
8
Q
rational recreation
A
19th century sports for lower by middle class designed to be well controlled post industrial
9
Q
wenlock olympian games
A
- promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements
- prizes for success
- 1850 - athletics, football, cricket
- written rules
- all over country
- olympic hymns
wenlock olympic society campaigned to have PE on the national curriculum and promoted benefits of sport nationally.
10
Q
negative effects of industrial revolution
A
H - poor Health I - lack of Income T - lack of Time F - lack of Facilities O - overcrowding (low class to urban areas) R - loss of rights
11
Q
improvements of industrial revolution
A
- health/ hygiene improved
- increase in wages
- development of new middle class
- cheaper to travel
- improved transport and communications
- industrial patronage
12
Q
industrial patronage
A
factory owners set up factory teams to encourage loyalty in the workplace
13
Q
urbanisation
A
- migration from rural for work
14
Q
characteristics of urbanisation
A
- lack of space
- large working class population (mass spectator)
- loss of traditional sports
- worked long hours
15
Q
transport revolution (railways)
A
- movement of teams/spectators
- improved access to different parts of the country
- cheaper train travel
- improved access to countryside
16
Q
communication (newspapers)
A
society were educated
- increased knowledge and awareness of sports e.g. when fixtures were and results
17
Q
church influence
A
- encouraged social control to divert from drinking and gambling
- church provided facilities
- YMCA promoted healthy body/ healthy mind
- church organised teams and comps
18
Q
development of middle class
A
- codification - defined rules
- competitions
- public provision
- increased leisure time
- move to professionalism
19
Q
characteristics of rational recreation
A
- respectability
- referees
- regular
- skills based
- facilities
- codification/ rules
20
Q
British empire and spread of sport
A
teachers - developed teams and taught values
factory owners - set up teams, gave workers time off
clergy - developed church teams, became missionaries
british army - used sport in armed services
diplomats - travelled and took sport with them
21
Q
public provision
and define
A
- baths improved hygiene
- swimming improved social control
local council provision of facilities for masses to participate
22
Q
development of NGBs
A
- sport became more popular
- more teams/clbs forming
- more fixtures organised
- nationally agreed rules
23
Q
amateur
A
a person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain
24
Q
professional
A
a person who plays sport for financial gain
25
amateur in 19th century
- manliness
- appreciating fitness and rule regulated behaviour
- high moral
26
characteristics of a gentlemen amateur
- respected
- wealth
- free time
- training frowned upon / no desire to improve
- upper/middle class
- high morality
27
professional 19th century characteristics
- working class
- poor
- little free time / long working hors
- desire to perform and train well
- low morality
28
positive impacts of 19th century amateurism
- dominated by upper/middle, high status in sport and society
- code of amateurism
- code of ethics
- play sport for the love of it
29
positive impacts of 19th century professionalism
- poor so paid wage to take time off work
- wage dependent on results so performance improved
- employment in factories based on sport talent
- determined to succeed
30
modern day professionalism
- all classes can compete
- people now respected for success
- high rewards through media and sponsorships
- have more time to train
- celebrity status
- positive role models
- more spectators
31
modern day amateurs
- lower status
- some receive finance to play
- viewed positively due to fair play
- codes of amateurism
- codes of conduct e.g. calling ref sir in rugby
32
rationalisation and development of football
urbanisation = large audiences lack of space led to stadiums being built
more free time = to watch and play
more income = afford transport and entrance
improved transport
increased organisation
33
emergence of elite female footballers
- equal opportunities
- increase media coverage
- more role models
- more provision PE
- more clubs
- more free
34
lawn tennis
- middle class lawns with walls and hedges for privacy
- middle class invention played and organised by them
- males and females
- specialist equipment
- standardised rules
- public provision
35
open era
when professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs
36
society
an organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest
37
socialisation
lifelong process where members of society learn its norms, values and ideas in order to take their place in that society
38
Primary socialisation
Socialisation during the early years of childhood which takes place mainly within immediate family
39
Internalisation
learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself
40
Secondary socialisation
Occurs during later years e.g. teenagers and adults
41
Gender socialisation
learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation
42
Social control
Concept that refers to the way in which peoples thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated. E.g. control from peers or the media to look feminine and maintain a slim appearance could encourage a women to do aerobics instead of rugby.
43
Institutions
organisation founded for a religious, educational, professional or social purpose.
- work together for the benefit of society, undertaking a variety of 'social processes' to ensure socialisation into society, maintaining order and control
44
Social change
an alteration in the social order of a society. It occurs when institutions re-adjust to meet new needs. E.g. leisure centre may offer crèche facilities to mothers can partake.
this girl can
cricket for change
45
Social issues
problems that affect many people in society
46
Inequality
unfair situation where resources are distributed unevenly within society.
47
causes of inequality
o Lack of money
o Lack of confidence
o Lack of role models
o Stereotypes
48
Social stratification
Type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels e.g. class, wealth.
49
Social class
social inequalities where certain groups have more access to wealth, income and power. Factors that contribute is a persons job, family background.
50
Social action theory
Way of viewing socialisation, emphasising social action
- accepts that sport is produced and developed at a particular time through the relationships and social networks of people who share similar views
PEOPLE CAN INTERVENE IN SOCIAL PROCESSES AND CHANGE THEM
51
Progression
Process of gradually developing towards a more advanced state
52
Interactionist approach
Study of how individuals behave within a society
53
Equal opportunities
the right to access the same opportunities, regardless of race, age, sex
54
Prejudice
Unfavourable opinion of an individual based off of inadequate facts
55
Discrimination
treating people differently
acting on prejudice
based on stereotypes
56
Stereotyping
making simple generalisations about members of a group. Can be overt or covert
57
infographics
a graphic visual representation of info intended to present info quickly and clearly
58
disability
a term used when impairment adversely affects performance
59
integration
able-bodied and disabled people taking part in same activity at same time e.g. london marathon
60
segregation
people with disabilities participating separately among themselves e.g. paralympics
61
race
physical characteristics
62
Racism
a set of beliefs or ideas based on assumption that some races have superiority and may lead to abuse
63
ethnic group
people who have racial religious traits in common
64
Stacking
Disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions in a sports team. Based on stereotype.
65
Channelling
Ethnic minorities may be pushed into certain sport based on assumptions about them
66
main concept of social action theory and example
individuals interact within society
society can change individuals involvement in sport
e.g. change sport to match social needs
67
commercialism
process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g. sport
68
characteristics of commercial sport
```
professional sport
sponsorship and busniess
entertainment
contracts e.g. sales of merchandise
athletes as commodities
wide media coverage
```
69
media
an organised means of communicating by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly
70
golden triangle
relationship between sport media and business
71
sponsorship
when a company pays for their products to be public advertised to increase sales of their good
72
effects of commercialisation on professional performers
- high incomes by promoting product
- paid for success
- pressure to perform when injured
- specialise in sport requires dedication
- entertainers who become household names
- lack privacy
73
effects of commercialisation on sport
- rules and scoring changed to speed up and stop bordom
- breaks so sponsors can advertise
- women sports receive less coverage
- increased tech more personal experience
74
merchandising
brand or image from one product is used to sell another
75
why companies invest large amounts of money into sports (sponsorship)
- increased sales
- increased brand awarness
- association with excellence at highest level of sport
- association with healthy image of sport
- decrease tax
76
media involved in sport
- spreading of sport to new nations
77
interactionist theory is helpful in understanding how to:
- change sports to match the perspectives and identities of those playing them
- make sport less hierarchically organised
78
mild form of social control
what is deemed to be gender appropriate behaviour
- might not take part in sport to do what is socially acceptable
- look feminine with slim appearance
79
why might social pressures stop people competition
- feel guilty about leaving a young baby
80
sports involvement is determined by
relationships between people based on the different amounts of power they have in society
81
interactionism
stresses the fact that it is people who actually create society
- the ways we communicate and interact are emphasised
82
2 types of discrimination
overt discrimination
| covert discrimination
83
barriers to participation
```
lack of time
negative social influences
lack of motivation
lack of skill
lack of resources
family obligation
```
84
barriers for disabled
```
negative self image
low income
lack of acces
lack of organised programmes
low media coerave
lack of specialist coaches
myths
```
85
solutions reduce barriers for disabled
```
provide more oppurtunitits
increased investment in disabled sport
providing transport and facilities
improved technology
increased media coverage
educating of myths and stereotypes
```
86
examples of racism in sport
stacking
| channeling
87
causes of under-represented groups in sport
```
conflicts with religious/ culture
high value placed on education
fear of racism
stereotyping
language barriers
fear of rejection
```
88
solutions to racial disadvantage
```
training more ethnic coaches
ensuring single sex provision
punishing racial abuse
provision in pe appropriate for all culture e.g. kit
organising campaigns
```
89
solutions to gender inequality
```
sex discrimination act 1975
encourage shared domestic/childcare responsibilities
increased media coverage
increased sponsorhips
educate to reduce myths
more oppurtunities
```
90
health benefits of increased participation
```
decreased risk of heart disease
low blood pressure
healthy weight
decreased risk of type 2 diabetes
cancer
```
91
fitness benefits of increased participation
```
posture
body shape
flexibility
agility
speed
reaction time
```
92
social benefits
increased serotonin
better sleep
improved concentration
confidence
93
county sport partnerships
local agencies working together to increase numbers in sport and physical activity
- invested in by sport england
- work with local authorities, health organisation
94
what does sport england do
- offers help to local authorities to help develop sport in their area
- putting in place schemes and initiatives to overcome barriers
95
aims of sport england
help more people have a sporting habit for life
create more oppurtunities for young people to play sport
nurture and develop talent
provide the right facilities in right places
support local authorities
96
sport englands nationally funded partners
- sporting equals - black and minority
| - women in sport - make being alive more attractive
97
sport england initiatives
' this girl can'
| 'breeze' get girls into riding bikes for fun
98
whole sport plan and example
plan submitted to sport england outlining each NGB's strategies to grow participation and enhance talent
indoor rowing (young people) - aiming to deliver participation at local level through school games to ensure young people have a positive first experience of indoor rowing and educate pupils and teacher about indoor rowing
