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psychology > society paper 1 > Flashcards

society paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

6 characteristics of pre industrial Britain

A
  • limited communication and transport
  • illiteracy
  • violent cruel existences
  • limited free time
  • class division
  • rural
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2
Q

popular recreation define

A

sport in pre-industrial Britain

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3
Q

5 popular recreation characteristics

A
  • long working hours so occasional
  • limited transport so local
  • illiteracy so basic rules
  • harsh society so violent male dominated
  • wagers placed by upper class
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4
Q

5 characteristics of mob football

A
  • violent
  • injury/death
  • damaged property
  • gambling/wagering
  • drunken behaviour
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5
Q

5 characteristics of real tennis

A
  • upper/middle class
  • educated so complex rules
  • lacked violence, high moral code
  • regular, free time
  • specialist equipment
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6
Q

footracing

A
  • footmen competing by gentry
  • gentry wagering how many miles they could cover in a specific time
  • success increased social status for gentlemen so upper class happy to work as patrons for them by setting prize money
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7
Q

patron

A

member of gentry who looked after a lower-class performer e.g. by arranging comps

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8
Q

rational recreation

A 
19th century sports for lower by middle class designed to be well controlled
post industrial
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9
Q

wenlock olympian games

A
  • promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements
  • prizes for success
  • 1850 - athletics, football, cricket
  • written rules
  • all over country
  • olympic hymns
    wenlock olympic society campaigned to have PE on the national curriculum and promoted benefits of sport nationally.
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10
Q

negative effects of industrial revolution

A 
H - poor Health 
I - lack of Income
T - lack of Time 
F - lack of Facilities
O - overcrowding (low class to urban  areas)
R - loss of rights
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11
Q

improvements of industrial revolution

A
  • health/ hygiene improved
  • increase in wages
  • development of new middle class
  • cheaper to travel
  • improved transport and communications
  • industrial patronage
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12
Q

industrial patronage

A

factory owners set up factory teams to encourage loyalty in the workplace

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13
Q

urbanisation

A
  • migration from rural for work
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14
Q

characteristics of urbanisation

A
  • lack of space
  • large working class population (mass spectator)
  • loss of traditional sports
  • worked long hours
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15
Q

transport revolution (railways)

A
  • movement of teams/spectators
  • improved access to different parts of the country
  • cheaper train travel
  • improved access to countryside
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16
Q

communication (newspapers)

A

society were educated

- increased knowledge and awareness of sports e.g. when fixtures were and results

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17
Q

church influence

A
  • encouraged social control to divert from drinking and gambling
  • church provided facilities
  • YMCA promoted healthy body/ healthy mind
  • church organised teams and comps
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18
Q

development of middle class

A
  • codification - defined rules
  • competitions
  • public provision
  • increased leisure time
  • move to professionalism
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19
Q

characteristics of rational recreation

A
  • respectability
  • referees
  • regular
  • skills based
  • facilities
  • codification/ rules
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20
Q

British empire and spread of sport

A

teachers - developed teams and taught values
factory owners - set up teams, gave workers time off
clergy - developed church teams, became missionaries
british army - used sport in armed services
diplomats - travelled and took sport with them

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21
Q

public provision

and define

A
  • baths improved hygiene
  • swimming improved social control
    local council provision of facilities for masses to participate
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22
Q

development of NGBs

A
  • sport became more popular
  • more teams/clbs forming
  • more fixtures organised
  • nationally agreed rules
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23
Q

amateur

A

a person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain

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24
Q

professional

A

a person who plays sport for financial gain

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25
Q

amateur in 19th century

A
  • manliness
  • appreciating fitness and rule regulated behaviour
  • high moral
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26
Q

characteristics of a gentlemen amateur

A
  • respected
  • wealth
  • free time
  • training frowned upon / no desire to improve
  • upper/middle class
  • high morality
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27
Q

professional 19th century characteristics

A
  • working class
  • poor
  • little free time / long working hors
  • desire to perform and train well
  • low morality
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28
Q

positive impacts of 19th century amateurism

A
  • dominated by upper/middle, high status in sport and society
  • code of amateurism
  • code of ethics
  • play sport for the love of it
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29
Q

positive impacts of 19th century professionalism

A
  • poor so paid wage to take time off work
  • wage dependent on results so performance improved
  • employment in factories based on sport talent
  • determined to succeed
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30
Q

modern day professionalism

A
  • all classes can compete
  • people now respected for success
  • high rewards through media and sponsorships
  • have more time to train
  • celebrity status
  • positive role models
  • more spectators
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31
Q

modern day amateurs

A
  • lower status
  • some receive finance to play
  • viewed positively due to fair play
  • codes of amateurism
  • codes of conduct e.g. calling ref sir in rugby
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32
Q

rationalisation and development of football

A

urbanisation = large audiences lack of space led to stadiums being built
more free time = to watch and play
more income = afford transport and entrance
improved transport
increased organisation

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33
Q

emergence of elite female footballers

A
  • equal opportunities
  • increase media coverage
  • more role models
  • more provision PE
  • more clubs
  • more free
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34
Q

lawn tennis

A
  • middle class lawns with walls and hedges for privacy
  • middle class invention played and organised by them
  • males and females
  • specialist equipment
  • standardised rules
  • public provision
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35
Q

open era

A

when professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs

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36
Q

society

A

an organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest

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37
Q

socialisation

A

lifelong process where members of society learn its norms, values and ideas in order to take their place in that society

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38
Q

Primary socialisation

A

Socialisation during the early years of childhood which takes place mainly within immediate family

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39
Q

Internalisation

A

learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself

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40
Q

Secondary socialisation

A

Occurs during later years e.g. teenagers and adults

41
Q

Gender socialisation

A

learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation

42
Q

Social control

A

Concept that refers to the way in which peoples thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated. E.g. control from peers or the media to look feminine and maintain a slim appearance could encourage a women to do aerobics instead of rugby.

43
Q

Institutions

A

organisation founded for a religious, educational, professional or social purpose.

  • work together for the benefit of society, undertaking a variety of ‘social processes’ to ensure socialisation into society, maintaining order and control
44
Q

Social change

A

an alteration in the social order of a society. It occurs when institutions re-adjust to meet new needs. E.g. leisure centre may offer crèche facilities to mothers can partake.

this girl can
cricket for change

45
Q

Social issues

A

problems that affect many people in society

46
Q

Inequality

A

unfair situation where resources are distributed unevenly within society.

47
Q

causes of inequality

A

o Lack of money
o Lack of confidence
o Lack of role models
o Stereotypes

48
Q

Social stratification

A

Type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels e.g. class, wealth.

49
Q

Social class

A

social inequalities where certain groups have more access to wealth, income and power. Factors that contribute is a persons job, family background.

50
Q

Social action theory

A

Way of viewing socialisation, emphasising social action
- accepts that sport is produced and developed at a particular time through the relationships and social networks of people who share similar views

PEOPLE CAN INTERVENE IN SOCIAL PROCESSES AND CHANGE THEM

51
Q

Progression

A

Process of gradually developing towards a more advanced state

52
Q

Interactionist approach

A

Study of how individuals behave within a society

53
Q

Equal opportunities

A

the right to access the same opportunities, regardless of race, age, sex

54
Q

Prejudice

A

Unfavourable opinion of an individual based off of inadequate facts

55
Q

Discrimination

A

treating people differently
acting on prejudice
based on stereotypes

56
Q

Stereotyping

A

making simple generalisations about members of a group. Can be overt or covert

57
Q

infographics

A

a graphic visual representation of info intended to present info quickly and clearly

58
Q

disability

A

a term used when impairment adversely affects performance

59
Q

integration

A

able-bodied and disabled people taking part in same activity at same time e.g. london marathon

60
Q

segregation

A

people with disabilities participating separately among themselves e.g. paralympics

61
Q

race

A

physical characteristics

62
Q

Racism

A

a set of beliefs or ideas based on assumption that some races have superiority and may lead to abuse

63
Q

ethnic group

A

people who have racial religious traits in common

64
Q

Stacking

A

Disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions in a sports team. Based on stereotype.

65
Q

Channelling

A

Ethnic minorities may be pushed into certain sport based on assumptions about them

66
Q

main concept of social action theory and example

A

individuals interact within society
society can change individuals involvement in sport
e.g. change sport to match social needs

67
Q

commercialism

A

process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g. sport

68
Q

characteristics of commercial sport

A 
professional sport
sponsorship and busniess
entertainment
contracts e.g. sales of merchandise
athletes as commodities
wide media coverage
69
Q

media

A

an organised means of communicating by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly

70
Q

golden triangle

A

relationship between sport media and business

71
Q

sponsorship

A

when a company pays for their products to be public advertised to increase sales of their good

72
Q

effects of commercialisation on professional performers

A
  • high incomes by promoting product
  • paid for success
  • pressure to perform when injured
  • specialise in sport requires dedication
  • entertainers who become household names
  • lack privacy
73
Q

effects of commercialisation on sport

A
  • rules and scoring changed to speed up and stop bordom
  • breaks so sponsors can advertise
  • women sports receive less coverage
  • increased tech more personal experience
74
Q

merchandising

A

brand or image from one product is used to sell another

75
Q

why companies invest large amounts of money into sports (sponsorship)

A
  • increased sales
  • increased brand awarness
  • association with excellence at highest level of sport
  • association with healthy image of sport
  • decrease tax
76
Q

media involved in sport

A
  • spreading of sport to new nations
77
Q

interactionist theory is helpful in understanding how to:

A
  • change sports to match the perspectives and identities of those playing them
  • make sport less hierarchically organised
78
Q

mild form of social control

A

what is deemed to be gender appropriate behaviour
- might not take part in sport to do what is socially acceptable

  • look feminine with slim appearance
79
Q

why might social pressures stop people competition

A
  • feel guilty about leaving a young baby
80
Q

sports involvement is determined by

A

relationships between people based on the different amounts of power they have in society

81
Q

interactionism

A

stresses the fact that it is people who actually create society
- the ways we communicate and interact are emphasised

82
Q

2 types of discrimination

A

overt discrimination

covert discrimination

83
Q

barriers to participation

A 
lack of time
negative social influences
lack of motivation
lack of skill
lack of resources
family obligation
84
Q

barriers for disabled

A 
negative self image
low income
lack of acces
lack of organised programmes
low media coerave
lack of specialist coaches
myths
85
Q

solutions reduce barriers for disabled

A 
provide more oppurtunitits
increased investment in disabled sport
providing transport and facilities
improved technology
increased media coverage
educating of myths and stereotypes
86
Q

examples of racism in sport

A

stacking

channeling

87
Q

causes of under-represented groups in sport

A 
conflicts with religious/ culture
high value placed on education 
fear of racism
stereotyping
language barriers
fear of rejection
88
Q

solutions to racial disadvantage

A 
training more ethnic coaches
ensuring single sex provision
punishing racial abuse
provision in pe appropriate for all culture e.g. kit
organising campaigns
89
Q

solutions to gender inequality

A 
sex discrimination act 1975
encourage shared domestic/childcare responsibilities
increased media coverage
increased sponsorhips
educate to reduce myths
more oppurtunities
90
Q

health benefits of increased participation

A 
decreased risk of heart disease
low blood pressure
healthy weight
decreased risk of type 2 diabetes
cancer
91
Q

fitness benefits of increased participation

A 
posture
body shape
flexibility
agility
speed
reaction time
92
Q

social benefits

A

increased serotonin
better sleep
improved concentration
confidence

93
Q

county sport partnerships

A

local agencies working together to increase numbers in sport and physical activity

  • invested in by sport england
  • work with local authorities, health organisation
94
Q

what does sport england do

A
  • offers help to local authorities to help develop sport in their area
  • putting in place schemes and initiatives to overcome barriers
95
Q

aims of sport england

A

help more people have a sporting habit for life
create more oppurtunities for young people to play sport
nurture and develop talent
provide the right facilities in right places
support local authorities

96
Q

sport englands nationally funded partners

A
  • sporting equals - black and minority

- women in sport - make being alive more attractive

97
Q

sport england initiatives

A

’ this girl can’

‘breeze’ get girls into riding bikes for fun

98
Q

whole sport plan and example

A

plan submitted to sport england outlining each NGB’s strategies to grow participation and enhance talent

indoor rowing (young people) - aiming to deliver participation at local level through school games to ensure young people have a positive first experience of indoor rowing and educate pupils and teacher about indoor rowing

psychology (16 decks)

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