Review Questions 10.1-10.4 (Respiratory System) Flashcards
(19 cards)
What is the balanced chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 🡪 6 CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy)
Distinguish between ventilation & gas exchange.
Ventilation is the process in more complex organisms of getting oxygen-rich air to the lungs.
Gas exchange is the movement of oxygen into body cells & carbon dioxide out.
When air enters the lungs, name all of the structures it passes through in the correct order from the mouth/nasal passage to the site of gas exchange.
pharynx 🡪 larynx 🡪 trachea 🡪 bronchus 🡪 bronchioles 🡪 alveoli
What is the difference between the glottis & the epiglottis?
The glottis is the opening of the trachea & the epiglottis is the muscular flap that closes the glottis during swallowing.
The lungs provide a respiratory membrane that is internal. Name 2 types of external respiratory membranes.
skin (in worms, frogs, etc.) and gills (in fish, axolotl, etc.)
Name the muscles involved & describe their movement during inhalation.
The external intercostal muscles contract & move the rib cage upward & outward.
The diaphragm contracts & moves downward.
Name the muscles involved & describe their movement during exhalation.
The external intercostal muscles relax & move the rib cage downward & inward.
The diaphragm relaxes & moves upward.
How do pressure & volume affect inhalation?
When you inhale, the volume of the chest cavity is increased & the pressure inside your lungs is lower. The higher pressure air outside flows in.
When are the internal intercostal muscles used?
during strenuous exercise or forced exhalation
If you breathe in normally, then exhale normally into a spirometer, what lung volume are your measuring?
tidal volume
If you breathe in as deeply as you can, then exhale as much as you can into a spirometer, what lung volume are your measuring?
vital capacity
Describe countercurrent exchange in fish gills. Why is it beneficial?
The water flowing through the gills flows in the opposite direction to the blood flowing through the capillaries. This allows the blood to pick up almost 100% of the oxygen in the water
What is VO2 max & how is it measured?
It is the maximum rate at which oxygen can be used by an individual; it’s measured using a spirometer while exercising on a treadmill or stationary bike.
What is the main function of hemoglobin?
The main function of hemoglobin is to carry oxygen.
What are 2 triggers of asthma?
Any 2 of: cigarette smoke, dust, cold air, physical exercise, pollen, pollution, dust mites, animal dander, etc.
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a combination of which 2 diseases?
emphysema + chronic bronchitis
How does emphysema affect the alveoli?
It damages the walls between the alveoli, reducing the surface area for gas exchange.
What 2 body systems does cystic fibrosis directly affect?
the digestive & respiratory systems
What is the single greatest cause of respiratory diseases and preventable death in the “developed world”?
smoking
