Review questions

Question 1

Why is biochemistry so important to understanding biology?

Answer 1

it provides information about the structural and biological functions of living things

Question 2

What is electronegativity

Answer 2

Electronegativity is a measure of an atom’s ability to attract shared electrons to itself.

Question 3

Why is electronegativity important

Answer 3

determines the nature of the chemical bond between two atoms and the reactivity of each atom

Question 4

An example of electornegativity

Answer 4

Polar bonds
non polar bonds
intermolecular bond

Question 5

3 functions of carbs

Answer 5

• cell communication
• energy source (short term and long term)
• structural support

Question 6

Draw a glucose - alpha or beta

Answer 6

look it up haha

Question 7

What is an example of how carbs give structural support

Answer 7

• cellulose

Question 8

Example of a carb that gives cell communication

Answer 8

monoscaccrides

Question 9

If the OH is on top of carbon 1 the glucose is a…

Answer 9

beta molecule

Question 10

Why is alpha and beta glucose important?

Answer 10

• Alpha can easily be broken down
• Beta has higher van der Waal forces and an increase of hydrogen bonding therefore it is on a different bond angle

Question 11

draw a beta glucose

Answer 11

look it up

Question 12

Where do you see A and B glucose

Answer 12

• cellulose
• chitin

Question 13

How does chemistry drive the biology for carbs

Answer 13

One change in the hydroxyl position makes a big impact on the molecule (A and B glucose)

Question 14

How does chemistry drive the biology for lipids

Answer 14

because of the crooked structure in unsaturated fat, it is easier to break down becuase of the weak van der Waal force and a decrease in H bonding. A saturated fat is harder to break down due to its straight structure and the van der waal force compacting the tryglicerid together

Question 15

What is a triglyceride

Answer 15

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 16

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

Answer 16

• Saturated fats
  
  • straight structure because it is single bonded
  • harder to break down because it lies flat and it is more compact because of the van der waal forces holding the triglyceride together
• unsaturated fats
  
  • Is double bonded so it has a crooked structure
    -easieer to break down because they are more spread out

Question 17

What is the difference between and trans and cis fat

Answer 17

• both unsaturated
• The H bond are on different sides of the tryglyceride therefore the double bond gets straightened
• trans fats are harder to break down, higher van der waal forces

Question 18

What is the difference between OMEGA 3 & 6

Answer 18

Where the double H band is placed depicts the characteristics of the molecule

Question 19

Draw an amino acid

Answer 19

look it up

Question 20

How does chemistry drive the biology for proteins

Answer 20

• The chemistry of amino acid side chains is critical to protein structure
• the side chains determine whether it is polar, nonpolar, or electrically charged

Question 21

Explain an amino acid

Answer 21

• the side chains determine whether it is polar, nonpolar, or electrically charged
• 20 different types
• the order of amino acids determines the shape of the folding

Question 22

Describe the 4 protein formations

Answer 22

• first: polypeptide is formed
• seconded: local folding and H bonding of the polypeptide into beta-pleated sheets and alpha-helix sheets
• third: the secondary structure folds on itself due to the side chains
• fourth: two polypeptide chains come together and form a protein

Question 23

What are the 4 functions of proteins?

Answer 23

• transportation
• hormones
• guide and direct enzymes
• structure support

Question 24

What is denaturation

Answer 24

Shape changes due to environmental factors making the protein unable to function

Question 25

What way can we have denaturation

Answer 25

• high temps
• pH levels
• radiation
• harsh chemicals

Question 26

How are enzymes regulate in the body

Answer 26

• allosteric inhibitors
• temperature
• environmental
• competitive and non-competitive
• cofactors
• cell shape concentration

Question 27

Why is enzyme regulation important

Answer 27

• They are specialized
• have to respond to the demands of the cell. cells have limited resources to we have to respond to the needs in a timely manner

Question 28

Draw a basic building block nucleic acid

Answer 28

look it up

Question 29

What is the difference between DNA & RNA?

Answer 29

The hydroxyl on the second carbon determines whether it is a DNA or RNA structure
- Different bases and ACGT and ACGU
- RNA is less stable but it is a good chemical messenger

Question 30

What makes a phosphodiester bond

Answer 30

Between nucleotides

Question 31

What are the structures in the cell membrane

Answer 31

pholipid: creates a bilayer (forms the basic structure)
Cholesterol: keeps the membrane fluid like
carbs: communication (blood type)
Protein: transportation

Question 32

What is a passive transport

Answer 32

• diffusion
• osmosis
• facilitatvie diffusion

Question 33

What are the passive transport charactieristics

Answer 33

• no energy
• randomly moving
• from high concentration to low concentration

Question 34

What are the three types of active transportand what do they do

Answer 34

• endocytosis - moving stuff in the cell
• exocytosis - moving stuff out of the cell
• protein pumps - moving things across the membrane

Question 35

Why cant we just live with just passive or acitve transport

Answer 35

• There would be more solutes inside the cell than on the outside, and water would flow into the cell toward the higher solute concentration