Revision notes: 4. Physiology

Question 1

Normal foetal blood values: o2 sats

Answer 1

Arterial: 25%
Venous: 75%

Question 2

Cord compression leads to

Answer 2

Respiratory acidosis

Question 3

Placental insufficiency leads to

Answer 3

metabolic acidosis

Question 4

Electrolyte changes in pregnancy

Answer 4

Osmolality falls (in response to progesterone)
HCO3- decreased (in response to decreased CO2)
Na+ decreased

Question 5

Cardiac output change during pregnancy

Answer 5

increase CO by 40%

Question 6

BP decreases by

Answer 6

10%

Question 7

ECG changes in pregnancy

Answer 7

LVH
LAD
Lead 3 inverted T waves
Q-wave lead 3, aVF

Question 8

Plasma volume change in pregnancy

Answer 8

increase by 50%

Question 9

Daily iron requirements during pregnancy

Answer 9

6g/day

Question 10

Theca cells secrete?

Answer 10

Androgens
Progesterone

DO NOT secrete testosterone (they lack 17B-HSD)

ONLY have LH receptors

Question 11

Granulosa cells secrete?

Answer 11

Oestrogen
Progesterone

Have LH AND FSH receptors

Question 12

AXCVY central venous pressure wave forms

Answer 12

A - atrial systole
X - end of atrial systole
C - ventricular systole
V - atria filling against closed tricuspid
Y descent - following tricuspid opening

Question 13

Three layers of blood vessel walls

Answer 13

Tunica interna
Tunica media (smooth muscle)
Tunica externa

Question 14

How to calculate MAP

Answer 14

Diastolic BP + 1/3 (Sys - Dias)

Question 15

Lifespan of a red blood cell

Answer 15

120 days

Question 16

What percentage of caucasians are Rhesus positive

Answer 16

80%

Question 17

Rise in cardiac output during pregnancy

Answer 17

40% increase

4.5 –> 6L/min

Question 18

Layers of digestive tract

Answer 18

Mucosa
Submucosa (+ Meissner’s plexus)
Muscular (Auerbach plexus)
Serosa

Question 19

What are the concerning features of variable decelerations

Answer 19

Lasting more than 60 seconds
Reduced baseline variability
Failure to return to baseline
Biphasic shape
No shouldering

Question 20

Which part of fallopian tube does fertilisation occur

Answer 20

Ampulla

Question 21

At what part of meiosis are the oocytes at during puberty

Answer 21

Prophase 1

Question 22

During which process is the second polar body formed in oogenesis

Answer 22

Fertilisation

Question 23

Life span of a spermatozoa

Answer 23

64 days

Question 24

Coagulation factors that increase during pregnancy

Answer 24

V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII
vWF
Fibrinogen

Question 25

Non-reassuring CTG fetal heart rates

Answer 25

100-109 | 161-180

Question 26

How often is CTG repeated in labour if normal and no concerns

Answer 26

Hourly

Question 27

Ovulation occurs ....hours after LH surge

Answer 27

18 hours

Question 28

LH surge occurs ...... hours after E2 surge

Answer 28

24 hours

Question 29

How are proteins taken up in PCT

Answer 29

pinocytosis

Question 30

how are peptides and amino acids transferred

Answer 30

secondary active transport

Question 31

Albumin change by 24 weeks gestation

Answer 31

-20%

Question 32

change in eGFR by 24 weeks

Answer 32

+50%

Question 33

clotting factor increases during pregnancy

Answer 33

VII - X INCREASE | FIBRINOGEN INCREASE

Question 34

Acute phase symptoms of kernicterus

Answer 34

lethargy & irritability

Question 35

Which neonatal tumour is associated with a mutation in chromosome 13q14?

Answer 35

Retinoblastoma

Question 36

Congenital pyloric stenosis presentation time

Answer 36

4-8 weeks of age