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Geography > River Landscapes In The UK (part 1) > Flashcards

River Landscapes In The UK (part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What does relief mean?

A

Shape and height of land

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2
Q

What is a river?

A

Large natural stream of water flowing in a channel

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3
Q

What is a river drainage basin?

A

Land drained by a river and its tributaries

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4
Q

What is it called where a river starts?

A

Source

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5
Q

What is the end of a river called?

A

Mouth

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6
Q

What is it called when a small river joins a larger one?

A

Confluence

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7
Q

What does a river flow in?

A

Channel

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8
Q

What is a stream or small auger that flows into a larger one?

A

Tributary

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9
Q

What is the boundary between 2 river basins?

A

Watershed

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10
Q

What is lateral erosion?

A

Widening of the river channel through erosion of river banks

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11
Q

What is vertical erosion?

A

Deepening of river channel through erosion of river bed

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12
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

Water widens cracks in the rock through sheer force

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13
Q

What is solution (erosion)?

A

Minerals are dissolved in water, water is often acidic

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14
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Rocks roll over beds and banks, this smooths them and makes them less jagged

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15
Q

What is attrition?

A

Particles roll over each other and edges get knocked off

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16
Q

What is traction?

A

Heavy rocks get rolled along the river bed

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17
Q

What are the 4 methods of erosion?

A

Abrasion
Attrition
Solution
Hydraulic action

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18
Q

What is saltation?

A

Smaller pebbles bounce along river bed

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19
Q

What is solution (transportation)?

A

Material dissolved in water

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20
Q

What is suspension?

A

Small particles suspended in water

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21
Q

What is deposition and why does it occur?

A

Particles lose energy and settle

22
Q

What does a long profile show?

A

Change in height and gradient of a river from its source to its mouth

23
Q

What does a cross profile show?

A

How the channel of a river changes in depth and width between 3 stages

24
Q

Describe the cross profile of the upper course.

A

There is mostly hydraulic action, abrasion and attrition.
This means there is mostly vertical erosion and therefore forms v-shaped valleys

25
Q

Describe the cross profile of the middle course.

A

There is more lateral erosion and deposition.
This means it is deeper and wider.
The load is less angular.

26
Q

Describe the cross profile of the lower course.

A

The channel is at its widest and deepest.
There is more deposition than erosion.
There is a large amount of load and it is small and rounded.

27
Q

What features can you find in the upper course.

A

The source
V shaped valleys
Waterfalls
Interlocking spurs

28
Q

What features can you find in the middle course?

A

Small meanders
Floodplains start developing
Rapids
Ox bow lakes

29
Q

What are some features found in the lower course?

A

Wide flood plains
Wide meanders
Ox bow lakes
Estuaries

30
Q

Where is the river Tees?

A

The source is in the Pennine Hills near Crossfell. It flows roughly east. It is in the north east of England in County Durham.

31
Q

How high is the source of the river Tees?

A

893m

32
Q

What is the area around the source of the Tees like?

A

Desolate marshland
Boggy
Damp
Low sunlight and warmth

33
Q

What is the mouth of the river Tees like?

A

Huge marshland
Iron and steel works
Estuary

34
Q

What are interlocking spurs and how do they form?

A

A ridge of land the river has to wind around as it flows in the upper course. They form because they are hard rock and the river does not have enough energy to erode through these ridges

35
Q

How are v shaped valleys formed?

A

Water erodes vertically via abrasion and hydraulic action.
This leaves sides of channel steep and unsupported.
Sides weakened by weathering, bits slip into river and get washed away leaving a v shape.

36
Q

How was High Force waterfall formed?

A

Hard rock is underlain by soft rock. Hard rock is whinstone and soft rock is limestone. Limestone erodes faster due to abrasion and hydraulic action. This leaves a plunge pool and undercuts the whinstone. Once the limestone has undercut enough the hard rock collapses and waterfall retreats upstream.

37
Q

What does a retreating waterfall leave?

A

A steep sided gorge

38
Q

What is an estuary?

A

Where the fresh water from the river merges with salt water from sea

39
Q

How do rapids form?

A

Fast water descends over a series of small steps. Forms due to a sudden steepening of the stream gradient or river flowing over a series of thin layers of hard and soft rock

40
Q

What is the term for the fastest line of velocity?

A

Thalweg

41
Q

What is a meander?

A

A bend in a river

42
Q

Why do meanders form?

A

Water flow is fastest (the thalweg) on the outside of the bend causing the erosion of the river sides by hydraulic action and abrasion from the sediment held in suspension. Water is slower of the inside of the bend meaning there is deposition.

43
Q

Describe the characteristics of the walls of a meander.

A

There is a slip-off slope on the inside of the bend where water flows the slowest, there isn’t enough energy to transport sediment and it gets deposited. There are steep river cliffs on the outside of the bend because that is where the fastest flow of water is and the most erosion occurs.

44
Q

How does an oxbow lake formed?

A

River cuts through a meanders neck during a flood. Afterwards the water continues flowing this course as it is fastest. Deposition occurs and blocks off entrance and exit to oxbow lake. It dries up and leaves an indentation.

45
Q

What is a levee?

A

A raised river bank

46
Q

How do natural levees form?

A

During floods, eroded material is deposited over the floodplain, the heaviest material is deposited closest to the river. Over time deposition of larger material builds up creating levees.

47
Q

What are floodplains?

A

Wide areas of flat land found on either side of a river.

48
Q

Where are floodplains found?

A

Lower and middle courses

49
Q

How does a river flooding affect soil?

A

Layers of silt build up as they are deposited during floods. These form thick layers of fertile alluvium which are perfect for farming.

50
Q

Why are estuaries known as transitional zones?

A

The environment is different from both the freshwater river and the sea.

Geography (16 decks)

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