RM Chpt 11 Flashcards
(14 cards)
Withdrawal of experimental treatment
Baseline (A) Treatment (B) Baseline (A)
The use of praise as a treatment to measure the improvement of a child’s school performance
Reversal design:
Observe change under multiple circumstances
Introduce manipulation at different points of time
Determine if manipulation is the cause of change
Multiple baseline design
Bias occurring when participants who form the two groups are chosen from existing natural groups
Selection differences:
Used when control features of experimental design cannot be achieved
Independent variable cannot be manipulated
Internal validity may be affected
Quazi Experimental Design
History effects: Confounding event occurring at the same time as the experimental manipulation
Maturation effects: Changes occurring systematically over time
Testing effects: Sensitization incurred in subjects on knowing one is being tested
Threats to internal validity
Changes in the basic characteristics of the measuring instrument over time
Instrument decay:
Occur whenever participants selected score extremely high or low on some variable
Retesting changes the score towards the mean
Regression toward mean
Provides a comparison condition to enable one to interpret results
Effects of experimental manipulation
Helps design internally valid experiments
Propensity score matching: Comparing groups over several variables in nonequivalent treatment
Propensity score - Combined score of matching multiple variables in an individual
Advantages of Control Group
Examines the dependent variable over an extended period of time, before and after the IV is implemented Interpretation problems (possible regression to the mean)
Interrupted time series design
Improves interrupted time series design by finding an appropriate control group
Involves finding a similar population that did not receive a particular manipulation
Control series design
Persons of different ages are measured at the same point in time
Cross-Sectional method:
Same group of people are observed at different times as they age
Longitudinal method:
Combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional methods
Sequential method:
Effect of group of people born at the same time, exposed to the same events, and influenced by the same demographic trends
Economic and political condition
Music and arts
Educational systems, and child-rearing practices
Differences in cross-sectional study may arise due to cohort effects
Cohort Effect
