Rocks

Question 1

3 rock types

Answer 1

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

Question 2

Formation of igneous rock in general

Answer 2

Cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
Intrusive/plutonic are formed beneath crust eg granite
Extrusive/ volcanic are formed on the crust eg basalt
Hypabyssal form just below the surface eg dolerite

Question 3

Example of a plutonic/intrusive igneous rock

Answer 3

Granite

Question 4

Example of an extrusive/ volcanic igneous rock

Answer 4

Basalt

Question 5

Example of a hypabyssal igneous rock

Answer 5

Dolerite

Question 6

Minerals in granite

Answer 6

Feldspar
Mica
Quartz

Question 7

Colour of granite

Answer 7

Dark grey

Question 8

How does granite form

Answer 8

At convergent boundaries, where two plates collide
Fold mountains made
Magma rises up under folds
Magma slowly cools
Sedimentary above changes to metamorphic by heat
Metamorphic protects granite

Question 9

Example of granite rock in Ireland

Answer 9

Leinster Batholith, Dublin Wicklow mountains

Question 10

Uses of granite

Answer 10

Building stone eg GPO made of granite

When broken down it forms kaolin (clay for porcelain)

Question 11

What’s the most common rock on earth

Answer 11

Basalt

Question 12

Minerals in basalt

Answer 12

Pyroxene and olivine

Question 13

Colour of basalt

Answer 13

Dark brown, black

Question 14

Where is basalt being created

Answer 14

Mid ocean ridges

Mid Atlantic ridge

Question 15

How does basalt form

Answer 15

When plates separate
Magma rises
Cools quickly on surface - small crystals

Question 16

Example of basalt in Ireland

Answer 16

Antrim Derry plateau

Basalt cooled and split into a series of hexagonal shapes causing the giants causeway in Antrim

Question 17

Use of basalt

Answer 17

Building industry
Road filler
Floor tiles

Question 18

How are sedimentary rocks defined

Answer 18

Parent material

Question 19

Two types of sedimentary rock

Answer 19

Inorganic (made of fragments of other rocks eg sandstone)

Organic (made of fossils from plants or animals eg limestone)

Question 20

Formation of sedimentary rock in general

Answer 20

Sediments of rock or fossils are deposited in layers called strata,
Layers are crushed and compacted by their own weight or weight of water
Layers are cemented together by minerals

Question 21

How is oil created in rock

Answer 21

When sea creatures are compacted

Question 22

What is lithification.

Answer 22

The compacting and cementation of sedimentary rock

Question 23

How common is sandstone in Ireland

Answer 23

2nd most common

Question 24

Is sandstone organic or inorganic

Answer 24

Inorganic, made of grains of quartz (sand)

Question 25

How is sandstone made

Answer 25

Layers of quartz build up beneath a shallow sea, this quartz has been deposited by flood or wind. Strata were cemented together by the weight of the water and lithification occurred and iron and silica cemented the strata into rock. The iron oxide gives Irish sandstone it’s reddish appearance

Question 26

What is Irish sandstone known as due to addition of iron oxide

Answer 26

Old red sandstone

Question 27

Where can old red sandstone be found

Answer 27

Munster ridge and valley region.

Question 28

What’s the most common rock in Ireland

Answer 28

Limestone.

Question 29

Is limestone organic or inorganic

Answer 29

Organic, made of fish fossils

Question 30

How is limestone formed

Answer 30

Sea creatures die and fall to the bed of the sea The ,layers build up and eventually are compressed by the weight of the seawater Compression removed water and air. Lithification occurred as calcium carbonate in sea creatures bones cemented the rock together

Question 31

Minerals in limestone

Answer 31

Calcium carbonate

Question 32

Minerals in sandstone

Answer 32

Iron | Silica

Question 33

Is limestone permeable

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

Colour of limestone

Answer 34

Greg usually

Question 35

Example of limestone in Ireland

Answer 35

Karst landscape the burren co Clare

Question 36

How was the burren formed

Answer 36

Under the Atlantic Ocean and was protected by a layer of soil until large glaciers scraped it away during the ice age

Question 37

What’s the parent material

Answer 37

Material that was compacted to make sedimentary rock

Question 38

What’s are strata

Answer 38

Layers of rock

Question 39

What does permeable mean

Answer 39

Allows water to pass through it

Question 40

What are metamorphic rock

Answer 40

Igneous and sedimentary rock that change form chemically (what they’re made of) or physically (how they look) due to intense heat and/or pressure

Question 41

What conditions can metamorphism occur at

Answer 41

Above 200° Celsius | Above 300 megapascals of pressure

Question 42

3 types of metamorphism

Answer 42

``` Thermal/contact metamorphism (changed by heat) Regional metamorphism (changed but heat and pressure) Dynamic metamorphism (changed by great pressure) ```

Question 43

Parent rock of marble

Answer 43

Limestone or chalk

Question 44

Type of metamorphism that makes marble

Answer 44

Regional metamorphism

Question 45

How is marble made

Answer 45

Limestone is destroyed by great heat and pressure. Large crystals develop changing it physically

Question 46

What colour is pure marble

Answer 46

White eg Carrara marble in Italy

Question 47

How can marble be different colours

Answer 47

Impurities in parent rock Eg serpentine in limestone makes green marble eg in Connemara Galway Iron oxide in limestone makes red marble eg in cork

Question 48

Uses of marble

Answer 48

Sculptures | As it’s soft

Question 49

Two examples of metamorphic rock

Answer 49

Marble and quartzite

Question 50

Two examples of sedimentary rock

Answer 50

Limestone and sandstone

Question 51

Two examples of igneous rock

Answer 51

Granite and basalt

Question 52

What is the parent rock of quartzite

Answer 52

Sandstone

Question 53

How is quartzite made

Answer 53

Sandstone came into contact with magma. Magma filled gaps between grains of quartz with Silica. Heats and pressure (regional metamorphism) caused silica and quartz to join.

Question 54

What is the structure of quartzite like

Answer 54

No pores | Very hard to erode

Question 55

Where is quartzite in Ireland

Answer 55

Cap on many mountains eg sugarloaf Wicklow

Question 56

How many active quarries are there in Ireland

Answer 56

500

Question 57

3 methods of rock quarrying

Answer 57

Plug and feather method Channeling method Explosives

Question 58

What happens in the plug and feather method

Answer 58

A hole is drilled into rock and wedges are pushed in between the bedding planes. Making big slabs of rock. Used in sedimentary rock

Question 59

How does the channeling method work

Answer 59

Huge slices of rock are cut off by a large rotating disk eg marble

Question 60

How do explosives quarry the rock

Answer 60

Holes are drilled into rock and dynamite is placed inside. Rock is ballestee into pieces and gathered up and crushed and dusted fo road fillers and concrete

Question 61

How many people employed in quarrying

Answer 61

15000

Question 62

Positive impacts of quarrying

Answer 62

``` 15000 people employed in the industry €3 billion worth Own supply of materials for constructions and achieved national development plan Agricultural limestone Infrastructure improved in local areas ```

Question 63

Negative impacts of quarrying

Answer 63

``` Noisy and dusty Tallaght - roadstones Belgard quarry - peoples homes are damaged, driveways sinking and dust clouds created Constant heavy traffic Visual pollution Disused quarries become illegal dumps ```

Question 64

Size of Antrim Derry plateau

Answer 64

4000km squared

Question 65

When did Antrim Derry plateau begin to form

Answer 65

65 million years ago when Eurasian and North American plates began to diverge

Question 66

How many hexagons in giants causeway

Answer 66

600,000

Question 67

How tall is giants causeway

Answer 67

350m