Flashcards in RRD #1 Deck (64)
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1
Physiology
study of functions & processes that occur in body, mostly NORMAL processes
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Pathophysiology
the study of the underlying changes in body physiology that result from disease or injury
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stressors
challenges in the body's balance
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compensation
the return of homeostasis after being challenged by stressors (adaptations, healing)
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glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen
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decompensation
the failure to compensate
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disease
a harmful condition of the body
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disorder
a disturbance in the healthiness of the body
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syndrome
a collection of symptoms
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etiology
the cause of a disease
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idiopathic
unidentifiable cause
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iatrogenic
occurs as result of medical treatment
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nosocomial
result as consequence of being in hospital environment
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signs
manifestations that can be objectively identified
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symptoms
subjectively manifestation that can only be reported by the person experiencing them
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"shock"
low BP plus S&S of not getting enough blood to different parts of the body
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prognosis
the predicted outcome of a dz based on certain factors
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sequela
aftermath of a disease
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gene
a segment of a DNA molecule that is composed of an ordered sequence of nucleotide bases
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main function of genes
coding for synthesis of proteins
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allele
partner genes that have the same location on each respective chromosome,code for the same trait
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multifactorial genetic disorders
combination of environmental triggers and variations / mutations of genes, plus sometimes inherited tendencies
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teratogenic/congenital defects
abnormalities that are either detectable at birth and/or can be attributed to fetal development "glitches"
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ischemia
cells not getting enough oxygen due to circulatory malfunction
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ischemic pain
tissue not getting enough oxygen
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autosomal dominant disorder
occurs when a person inherits a mutated, diseased gene that is dominant
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recombinant DNA
a form of genetic engineering
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hypoxia
decrease in amount of oxygen to cell or ability to use oxygen appropriately
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sequelae of hypoxia
-deficiency of ATP for cellular functions
-altered acid/base balance (acidosis)
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cellular metabollism for hypoxia
glycolysis
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pH range of blood
7.35 - 7.45
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glycogenesis
formation of glycogen from glucose/sugar
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glycogenolysis
conversion of glycogen to glucose (back up plan #1)
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gluconeogenesis
use of any substance besides carbohydrates for cellular energy like breaking down of fats and proteins (back up plan #2)
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breakdown product of fats and proteins
ketones
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"good" characteristic of ketones
can offer the body some energy - usually enough to be a "stop gap" till glucose is available
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"bad" characteristic of ketones
-are acids (cause acidosis over time)
-can't be use by the brain
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McArdle's disease
an autosomal recessive disease in which normal ability to breakdown glycogen (glycogenolysis) is diminished.
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hyperketonemia
high levels of ketones in the blood
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S&S of anemia
low ATP, low oxygenation, weakness, fatigue, and SOB
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paresthesia
numbness & tingling or other unusual sensations, usually in legs
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2 basic fluid compartments
extracellular and intracellular
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hyperkalemia
higher than normal numbers of K in the blood
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hypokalemia
lower than normal numbers of K in the blood
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hypernatremia
higher than normal numbers of Na in the blood
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hyponatremia
lower than normal numbers of Na in the blood
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hypercalcemia
higher than normal Ca in the blood
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hypocalcemia
lower than normal Ca in the blood
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RMP of resting cell
-90mV
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RMP of cell to "go to work"
+30mV
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hyperpolarized state
situations in which membranes of cells have been reset to a LESS positive number than normal, lengthening the polar gap status & making them less sensitive
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hyperpolarized mechanisms
hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia
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hypopolarized state
situations in which membranes of cells have been reset to a MORE positive number, shortening the polar gap status & making them more sensitive
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hypopolarized mechanisms
hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, hypocalcemia
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S&S of hypopolarization
-muscles that are too sensitive (hyperactive "irritable")
-muscle tics or spasms
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S&S of hyperpolarization
-less sensitive muscles (hypoactive)
-fatigue, lethargy, mental slowness
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metabolic acidosis
-excess accumulation of H+ in the body
-not enough excretion of H+ in the urine
-not enough HCO3 being made
-too much HCO3 being excreted in the urine
(low pH or low HCO3)
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metabolic acidosis compensation
-via the lungs
-increase the amount of CO2 is exhaled
-increase the rate and depth of respirations
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respiratory acidosis
low pH caused by a ventilation problem such as diminished effectiveness of breathing or decreased respiratory rate
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respiratory acidosis compensation
-via the kidneys
-HCO3 production by the kidneys will be increased
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metabolic alkalosis
-excess accumulation of HCO3 in the body
-not enough excretion of HCO3 in the urine
-too much H+ excreted in the urine
-not enough acid being made
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metabolic alkalosis compensation
-via the lungs
-decreased rate & depth of respirations
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Respiratory alkalosis
state of high pH caused by hyperventilation
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