RRD #2

Question 1

osmosis

Answer 1

the movement of water between compartments

Question 2

osmolality

Answer 2

is a measurement of how concentrated a compartment is

Question 3

serum osmolality

Answer 3

a clinical way to measure concentration of the plasma compartment via the blood

Question 4

tonicity/salinity

Answer 4

the “saltiness” of a fluid, how much is made of salt

Question 5

normal tonicity of blood

Answer 5

0.9% NaCl (isotonic)

Question 6

osmotic pressure

Answer 6

the pressure exerted by all the solutes in a compartment

Question 7

oncotic pressure

Answer 7

pressure exerted specifically by protein molecules

Question 8

rule of osmosis

Answer 8

water will always move from more dilute compartment to a more concentrated compartment (CONCENTRATION CALLS, OSMOLALITY ORDERS)

Question 9

tissue to blood fluid shift

Answer 9

water is pathologically LOST by the body

Question 10

blood to tissue fluid shift

Answer 10

water is pathologically GAINED by the body or protein is lost (fluid volume overload or excess)

Question 11

decreased blood osmolality

Answer 11

pathologic water GAIN or protein LOSS

Question 12

water overload examples

Answer 12

• under skin (edema)
• lung tissue (manifest cough,SOB, or crackle)
• acute CNS (swelling of brain cells)

Question 13

fluid overload compensation

Answer 13

natriuretic peptide system (NPS)

Question 14

apoptosis

Answer 14

normal cell death

Question 15

necrosis

Answer 15

abnormal cell death

Question 16

first step to healing of all cell/tissues

Answer 16

inflammation

Question 17

creatine kinase

Answer 17

enzyme found in most muscle cells that catalyze transference of phosphate groups back & forth between ADP & ATP

Question 18

myoglobin

Answer 18

protein found in most muscle cells

Question 19

troponin

Answer 19

type of protein molecule only found in heart muscle

Question 20

acute ischema

Answer 20

hypoxia to tissues from sudden lack of blood supply

Question 21

chronic ischemia

Answer 21

better tolerated of lack of blood supply because tissues can adapt to some degree over time

Question 22

infarction is to _____as ischemia is to ______

Answer 22

necrosis, hypoxia

Question 23

carbon monoxide poisoning action

Answer 23

CO has high affinity to hemoglobin -> binds to Hgb, forming HgCO -> tissues become hypoxic -> cell damage

Question 24

carbon monixide S&S

Answer 24

headache, giddiness, confusion, seizure, coma

Question 25

carbon monoxide treatment

Answer 25

100% O2 oxygen mask and/or hyperbaric chamber

Question 26

gout

Answer 26

systemic disease caused by buildup of uric acids in the blood (hyperuricemia)

Question 27

counteracting free radicals

Answer 27

- certain vitamins like C & E | - superoxide dismutase

Question 28

cell proliferation

Answer 28

the multiplication or reproduction of cells resulting in the rapid expansion of cell population

Question 29

tumor/neoplasm

Answer 29

an abnormal mass of tissue

Question 30

clonal proliferation

Answer 30

a rapid increase in growth & development by stimulating cells growth factor signals (rapid duplication but little differentiation)

Question 31

anaplasia

Answer 31

loss of differentiation

Question 32

tumor markers

Answer 32

substances in the body produced by cancer cells or released by cancer damaged tissue that can be found in blood, spinal fluid or urine

Question 33

genetic markers

Answer 33

genetic abnormalities that are found in some people that predict odds of having certain types of cancers

Question 34

TNM staging= T

Answer 34

size of tumor

Question 35

TNM staging= N

Answer 35

extent of lymph nodes involvement

Question 36

TNM staging = M

Answer 36

metastasis (mets)

Question 37

benign tumor classification and specific name

Answer 37

- first part is usually tissue | - end in "oma" (tumor)

Question 38

malignancies classification and specific name

Answer 38

-named according to cell type and in addition to "oma" has root words "carcin", "sarco", "blasto"

Question 39

malignancies involving connective tissue name

Answer 39

-usually have "sarcoma" plus origin of name

Question 40

malignancies involving muscle tissue name

Answer 40

-usually have specific muscle type plus "sarcoma" plus "myo"

Question 41

malignancies involving neural tissue

Answer 41

usually have specific nerve type plus "blasto"

Question 42

atrophy

Answer 42

decrease or shrinkage of cellular size

Question 43

hypertrophy

Answer 43

increase in size of cells & consequently size of organ

Question 44

hyperplasia

Answer 44

increase in number of cells resulting from increased rate of cell division

Question 45

metaplasia

Answer 45

reversible replacement of one mature cell by another type of less differentiated mature cell

Question 46

dysplasia

Answer 46

abnormal changes in size, shape, & organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation