RS

Question 1

What are the major accessory muscles involved in the respiratory pump?
Give their function

Answer 1

Sternocleidomastoid - active inspiration
Recuts abdominus - active expiration
Internal intercostals - active expiration

Question 2

3 types of stretch receptors involved in respiratory sensation
Give their function

Answer 2

Slow adapting - changes in lung Volume

Rapidly adapting - detect pollutants/ irritants

Juxtapulmonary / J receptors

Question 3

Dalton’s law

Answer 3

Ptotal = P1 + P2……

The total pressure of a gas mix is equal to the sun of the partial pressures of each component

Question 4

Henry’s law

Answer 4

At a given temp, the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid.

Question 5

Average total lung capacity

Answer 5

5.9L

Question 6

What diseases can cause airways obstruction

Answer 6

COPD
Asthma
Bronchiectasis

Question 7

What disease can cause airway restriction

Answer 7

Pulmonary fibrosis

Muscular failure

Question 8

What is more reduced in airway obstruction

Answer 8

FEV1 is more reduced

Question 9

Describe the parasympathetic effect on smooth muscle in the bronchioles

Answer 9

ACh binds to M3 receptors causing bronchoconstriction

Question 10

Describe the sympathetic control of the smooth muscle in the bronchioles

Answer 10

Adrenaline/noradrenaline bind to B2 receptors causing bronchodilation

Question 11

In foetal circulation where is pressure the highest

Answer 11

Right side of the heart due to pulmonary vasoconstriction

Question 12

How does blood travel from the RA to LA

Answer 12

Through the Foramen ovale

Question 13

What connects the umbilical vein to the IVC

Answer 13

Ductus venosus

Question 14

What shunts blood from the PA into the aorta

Answer 14

Ductus arteriosus

Question 15

What is the pre-botzinger complex

Answer 15

Pacemaker cells located in superior ventral respiratory group acting as a breathing rhythm generator

Question 16

What are central chemoreceptors sensitive to

Answer 16

pCO2 change

Detected via [H+] in the CSF

Question 17

What are peripheral chemoreceptors most sensitive to

Answer 17

pO2 change

Question 18

What are the 2 groups found in the medullary centres

Give their function

Answer 18

Dorsal respiratory group - inspiration control

Ventral respiratory group - inspiration and forced expiration

Question 19

What are the 2 groups found in the pontine centres

Give their functions

Answer 19

Apneustic centre - acts on the DRG (promotes inspiration)

Pneumotaxic centre - Off switch. inhibits apneustic enter

Question 20

What effect would I rise in CO2 have on an oxygen dissociation curve

Answer 20

Would shift it to the right

Question 21

What is the theory behind laplaces law

Answer 21

As alveoli get smaller at the end of expiration, surface tension increase

Surfactant is therefore require to prevent collapse

Question 22

Mechanism of anaphylaxis

Answer 22

1st exposure:
IgE indirectly activated which presensitises mast cells

2nd exposure:
- antigen binds to IgE in blood
This complex then binds to a high affinity IgE receptors on mast cells

• mast cells degranulates and inflammatory mediators are released from the cell via exocytosis (trypsin)

Question 23

How do the function differ in Th-1 vs Th-2

Answer 23

1 - kill pathogens

2 - stimulates B cell

Question 24

What epithelium lines the opening of the nose

Answer 24

Keratinsed squamous epithelium with hairs to trap large particulates

Question 25

What epithelium lines the region of the nose beyond the opening

Answer 25

Respiratory epithelium

Question 26

Where is the olfactory centre located

Answer 26

in the roof of the nose below the cribriform plate

Question 27

What neurons are found in the olfactory epithelium

Answer 27

Bipolar neurons

Question 28

What epithelium lines the vocal cords

Answer 28

True - Non keratinising Stratified squamous epithelium | False - ciliated columnar

Question 29

What are the ends of the C shaped rings of cartilage in the trachea joined by

Answer 29

Involuntary smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)

Question 30

What epithelium lines the terminal and respiratory bronchioles

Answer 30

Simple cuboidal ciliated epithelium

Question 31

What epithelium lines the alveoli

Answer 31

Simple squamous composed of thin type 1 pneumocytes and globular type 2 pneumocytes

Question 32

What nerves supply the peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 32

Glossopharyngeal | Vagus

Question 33

What is the respiratory quotient

Answer 33

Ratio of the volume of CO2 produced to the volume of O2 used

Question 34

How is physiological deadspace calculated

Answer 34

Anatomic + alveolar dead space

Question 35

Where are central chemoreceptors located

Answer 35

Pontomedullary junction in brain stem

Question 36

What are central chemoreceptors sensitive to

Answer 36

PaCO2 of blood perfuming brain

Question 37

What is the response of peripheral chemoreceptors to hypoxia

Answer 37

Type I cells release stored neurotransmitters that stimulate the cup like ending of the carotid sinus nerve

Question 38

Give the 3 components of the sternum | Sup to inf

Answer 38

Manubrium Body Xiphoid process

Question 39

What costal cartilage does the sternal angle mark the level of

Answer 39

2nd

Question 40

What fissure separates the superior and middle lobe of the right lung

Answer 40

Horizontal fissure

Question 41

What surface of the lung is the hilum located on

Answer 41

Mediastinal

Question 42

What structure make up the Hilum

Answer 42

Principal bronchus Pulmonary artery 2 pulmonary veins

Question 43

What type of pleura covers the lungs

Answer 43

Visceral

Question 44

What pleura covers the internal surface of the thoracic cavity

Answer 44

Parietal

Question 45

What is the space between the parietal and visceral known as pleura

Answer 45

Pleural cavity

Question 46

What does the pleural cavity contain a small volume of | What is the function of this

Answer 46

Serous fluid It lubricates the surfaces of the pleurae, allowing them to slide over each other. The serous fluid also produces a surface tension, pulling the parietal and visceral pleura together. This ensures that when the thorax expands, the lung also expands, filling with air.

Question 47

Nerve and blood supply to the parietal pleura

Answer 47

Phrenic and intercostal nerve | Intercostal arteries

Question 48

Nerve and blood supply to visceral pleura

Answer 48

Autonomic innervation from pulmonary plexus Bronchial arteries

Question 49

What spinal level does the larynx span

Answer 49

C3 - C6

Question 50

What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx

Answer 50

Epiglottis Thyroid Cricoid

Question 51

What is the only comp,eye circle of cartilage in the larynx

Answer 51

Cricoid cartilage

Question 52

What type of cartilage is cricoid cartilage

Answer 52

Hyaline

Question 53

What type of cartilage is epiglottis

Answer 53

Elastic

Question 54

What are the 3 paired cartilages

Answer 54

Arytenoid Corniculate Cuneiform

Question 55

How are the vocal cords changed

Answer 55

Arytenoid cartilages rotates on the cricoid cartilage

Question 56

Which nerve supplies almost all the laryngeal muscle | Name the muscle that isn’t supplied by this nerve

Answer 56

Inferior (Recurrent) laryngeal nerve Cricothyroid is innervated by external (superior) laryngeal nerve

Question 57

What are the names of the 3 circular pharyngeal constrictors Give their function

Answer 57

Superior Middle Inferior The circular muscles contract sequentially from superior to inferior to constrict the lumen and propel the bolus of food inferiorly into the oesophagus.

Question 58

What connects the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland

Answer 58

Central Isthmus

Question 59

Arterial supply to the thyroid gland

Answer 59

Superior and inferior thyroid artery

Question 60

Purpose of coughing

Answer 60

Move material from vocal cords to pharynx

Question 61

How does shortness of breath present with pneumothorax

Answer 61

Normal breath sound on one side but no breath sounds on the other

Question 62

What provides the graters stimulus to increase breathing rate

Answer 62

High [CO2] in the brain

Question 63

What is primarily responsible for exhalation

Answer 63

Elastic recoil of lungs

Question 64

Epithelium of epiglottis

Answer 64

Upper - stratified squamous epithelium | Lower - respiratory epithelium