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Phase 1 Cram > RS > Flashcards

RS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major accessory muscles involved in the respiratory pump?
Give their function

A

Sternocleidomastoid - active inspiration
Recuts abdominus - active expiration
Internal intercostals - active expiration

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2
Q

3 types of stretch receptors involved in respiratory sensation
Give their function

A

Slow adapting - changes in lung Volume

Rapidly adapting - detect pollutants/ irritants

Juxtapulmonary / J receptors

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3
Q

Dalton’s law

A

Ptotal = P1 + P2……

The total pressure of a gas mix is equal to the sun of the partial pressures of each component

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4
Q

Henry’s law

A

At a given temp, the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid.

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5
Q

Average total lung capacity

A

5.9L

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6
Q

What diseases can cause airways obstruction

A

COPD
Asthma
Bronchiectasis

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7
Q

What disease can cause airway restriction

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

Muscular failure

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8
Q

What is more reduced in airway obstruction

A

FEV1 is more reduced

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9
Q

Describe the parasympathetic effect on smooth muscle in the bronchioles

A

ACh binds to M3 receptors causing bronchoconstriction

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10
Q

Describe the sympathetic control of the smooth muscle in the bronchioles

A

Adrenaline/noradrenaline bind to B2 receptors causing bronchodilation

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11
Q

In foetal circulation where is pressure the highest

A

Right side of the heart due to pulmonary vasoconstriction

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12
Q

How does blood travel from the RA to LA

A

Through the Foramen ovale

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13
Q

What connects the umbilical vein to the IVC

A

Ductus venosus

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14
Q

What shunts blood from the PA into the aorta

A

Ductus arteriosus

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15
Q

What is the pre-botzinger complex

A

Pacemaker cells located in superior ventral respiratory group acting as a breathing rhythm generator

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16
Q

What are central chemoreceptors sensitive to

A

pCO2 change

Detected via [H+] in the CSF

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17
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors most sensitive to

A

pO2 change

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18
Q

What are the 2 groups found in the medullary centres

Give their function

A

Dorsal respiratory group - inspiration control

Ventral respiratory group - inspiration and forced expiration

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19
Q

What are the 2 groups found in the pontine centres

Give their functions

A

Apneustic centre - acts on the DRG (promotes inspiration)

Pneumotaxic centre - Off switch. inhibits apneustic enter

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20
Q

What effect would I rise in CO2 have on an oxygen dissociation curve

A

Would shift it to the right

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21
Q

What is the theory behind laplaces law

A

As alveoli get smaller at the end of expiration, surface tension increase

Surfactant is therefore require to prevent collapse

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22
Q

Mechanism of anaphylaxis

A

1st exposure:
IgE indirectly activated which presensitises mast cells

2nd exposure:
- antigen binds to IgE in blood
This complex then binds to a high affinity IgE receptors on mast cells

  • mast cells degranulates and inflammatory mediators are released from the cell via exocytosis (trypsin)
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23
Q

How do the function differ in Th-1 vs Th-2

A

1 - kill pathogens

2 - stimulates B cell

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24
Q

What epithelium lines the opening of the nose

A

Keratinsed squamous epithelium with hairs to trap large particulates

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25
Q

What epithelium lines the region of the nose beyond the opening

A

Respiratory epithelium

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26
Q

Where is the olfactory centre located

A

in the roof of the nose below the cribriform plate

27
Q

What neurons are found in the olfactory epithelium

A

Bipolar neurons

28
Q

What epithelium lines the vocal cords

A

True - Non keratinising Stratified squamous epithelium

False - ciliated columnar

29
Q

What are the ends of the C shaped rings of cartilage in the trachea joined by

A

Involuntary smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)

30
Q

What epithelium lines the terminal and respiratory bronchioles

A

Simple cuboidal ciliated epithelium

31
Q

What epithelium lines the alveoli

A

Simple squamous composed of thin type 1 pneumocytes and globular type 2 pneumocytes

32
Q

What nerves supply the peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus

33
Q

What is the respiratory quotient

A

Ratio of the volume of CO2 produced to the volume of O2 used

34
Q

How is physiological deadspace calculated

A

Anatomic + alveolar dead space

35
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located

A

Pontomedullary junction in brain stem

36
Q

What are central chemoreceptors sensitive to

A

PaCO2 of blood perfuming brain

37
Q

What is the response of peripheral chemoreceptors to hypoxia

A

Type I cells release stored neurotransmitters that stimulate the cup like ending of the carotid sinus nerve

38
Q

Give the 3 components of the sternum

Sup to inf

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

39
Q

What costal cartilage does the sternal angle mark the level of

A

2nd

40
Q

What fissure separates the superior and middle lobe of the right lung

A

Horizontal fissure

41
Q

What surface of the lung is the hilum located on

A

Mediastinal

42
Q

What structure make up the Hilum

A

Principal bronchus
Pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins

43
Q

What type of pleura covers the lungs

A

Visceral

44
Q

What pleura covers the internal surface of the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal

45
Q

What is the space between the parietal and visceral known as pleura

A

Pleural cavity

46
Q

What does the pleural cavity contain a small volume of

What is the function of this

A

Serous fluid

It lubricates the surfaces of the pleurae, allowing them to slide over each other.

The serous fluid also produces a surface tension, pulling the parietal and visceral pleura together. This ensures that when the thorax expands, the lung also expands, filling with air.

47
Q

Nerve and blood supply to the parietal pleura

A

Phrenic and intercostal nerve

Intercostal arteries

48
Q

Nerve and blood supply to visceral pleura

A

Autonomic innervation from pulmonary plexus

Bronchial arteries

49
Q

What spinal level does the larynx span

A

C3 - C6

50
Q

What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid

51
Q

What is the only comp,eye circle of cartilage in the larynx

A

Cricoid cartilage

52
Q

What type of cartilage is cricoid cartilage

A

Hyaline

53
Q

What type of cartilage is epiglottis

A

Elastic

54
Q

What are the 3 paired cartilages

A

Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform

55
Q

How are the vocal cords changed

A

Arytenoid cartilages rotates on the cricoid cartilage

56
Q

Which nerve supplies almost all the laryngeal muscle

Name the muscle that isn’t supplied by this nerve

A

Inferior (Recurrent) laryngeal nerve

Cricothyroid is innervated by external (superior) laryngeal nerve

57
Q

What are the names of the 3 circular pharyngeal constrictors
Give their function

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

The circular muscles contract sequentially from superior to inferior to constrict the lumen and propel the bolus of food inferiorly into the oesophagus.

58
Q

What connects the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland

A

Central Isthmus

59
Q

Arterial supply to the thyroid gland

A

Superior and inferior thyroid artery

60
Q

Purpose of coughing

A

Move material from vocal cords to pharynx

61
Q

How does shortness of breath present with pneumothorax

A

Normal breath sound on one side but no breath sounds on the other

62
Q

What provides the graters stimulus to increase breathing rate

A

High [CO2] in the brain

63
Q

What is primarily responsible for exhalation

A

Elastic recoil of lungs

64
Q

Epithelium of epiglottis

A

Upper - stratified squamous epithelium

Lower - respiratory epithelium

Phase 1 Cram (12 decks)

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