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Phase 1 Cram > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between woven and lamellar bone

A

Woven (primary) Bone:
Made quickly,
Disorganised
No clear structure

Lamellar (secondary) Bone:
Made slowly,
Organised,
Layered structure

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2
Q

How does collagen contribute to bone function

A

Provides elasticity

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3
Q

How do minerals contribute to bone structure

A

Provides stiffness

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4
Q

What cells form bone

A

Osteoblasts

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5
Q

What is bone modelling

A

Gross shape is altered, bone added or taken away

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6
Q

What is bone remodelling

A

all of the bone is altered, new bone replaces old bone

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7
Q

Example of a sesamoid bone

A

Patella

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8
Q

Features of long bones

A

Tubular shape
Hollow shaft
Expanded, articulate ends

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9
Q

Feature of a short bone

A

Cuboidal in shape

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10
Q

Examples of short bones

A

Carpals

Tarsals

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11
Q

3 Features of flat bones

A

Plates of bone
Often curved
Protective

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12
Q

4 Examples of flat bones

A

sternum
scapula
skull
ribs

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13
Q

Features of sesamoid bone

A

Round

Contain nodules for tendon attachment

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of macro bone structure

A

Cortical - compact

Trabecular - cancellous - spongy

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15
Q

What is cortical bone

A

Dense, solid, only
spaces are for cells
and blood vessels

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16
Q

What is trabecular bone

A 
Network of bony struts
(trabeculae), 
spongy appearance 
many holes filled with bone marrow.
Cells reside in trabeculae and blood vessels in holes
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17
Q

Histological appearance of osteocytes

A

stellate, entombed in bone

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18
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells

A

They form a stem cell population in bone

Osteoblasts/ osteocytes are derived OP cells

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19
Q

What is osteoid

A

Unmineralised bone

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20
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Osteoblasts that have been trapped within mineralised bone

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21
Q

How do osteocytes connect to surroudning cells

A

Via canaliculi

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22
Q

How do osteocytes connect to surroudning cells

A

Via canaliculi

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23
Q

Function/ characteristic of osteoblasts

A

Form Bone - in form of osteoid
Produce Type I collagen and mineralize the extracellular matrix by depositing hydroxyapatite crystal within collagen Fibrils
High Alkaline Phosphatase activity
Make non-collagenous proteins
Secrete factors that regulate osteoclasts ie RANKL

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24
Q

Functions/ characteristics of osteoclasts

A

Resorb Bone
Dissolve the mineralised matrix (acid)
Breakdown the collagen in bone (enzymatic)
High expression of TRAP and Cathepsin K

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25
Q

What is bone modelling

A

Gross shape is altered, bone is added or taken away

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26
Q

Desribe the process of bone remodelling

A

Activation - Monocytes on bone surface differentiate to become osteoclasts
Reabsorbtion- Osteoclasts secrete acid to dissolve the bone mineral
Reversal - Osteoblasts are stimulated/recruited
Formation - Osteoblasts secrete osteoid to form bone matrix
Quiescence - Without stimulation there is no action

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27
Q

Difference between primary and secondary osteons

A

Primary fill in holes left during very rapid formation and dont cut through lamellae
Secondary cut through layers of lamellae and drive remodelling

28
Q

What does OPG stand for

A

Osteoprotegerin

29
Q

How does RANK Ligand increase bone reabsorbtion

A

Binds to RANK receptors on monocytes
Monocytes differentiate to osteoclasts which actively reabsorb bone
Osteoblasts secrete more RANK L in the presence of oestrogen (as well as other hormones, GFs, and cytokines)

30
Q

Describe the process of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Condensation of mesenchymal cells into flat sheet
  2. Osteoblast precursors (osteoprogenitor cells) form on surface
  3. Differentiation into mature active osteoblasts
  4. Osteoid formation
  5. Mineralisation and incorporation of osteocytes
  6. Further osteoid formation
31
Q

Describe the process of endochrondral ossification

A
  1. Chondrocytes produce a cartilaginous precursor
  2. Primary ossification centre is formed as osteoblasts lay bone onto the cartilage
  3. Osteoclasts break down the cartilage
  4. POC is vascularised as blood vessels invade
  5. Periosteum collar is formed outside the bone as perichondrium is broken down
  6. Parts of the spongy bone making up the POC are broken down to form the medullary cavity
  7. Process repeats at ends of long bones to form secondary ossification centre
  8. Some layers of cartilage remain between the SOC and POC, known as the epiphyseal (growth) plate
32
Q

Desribe how Vitamin D is synthesised

A
  1. 7-dehydroxycholesterol is synthesised directly from ingested cholesterol (found in fatty foods)
  2. This is converted to Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), facilitated by UVB radiation from the sun
  3. Vitamin D3 is converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (aka CALCIDIOL) in the liver by 25-hydroxylase
  4. Calcidiol is converted to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (aka CALCITRIOL) in the presence of PTH which stimulates 1-a-hydroxylase - occurs in the kidneys
  5. The presence of calcitriol can then go on and promote gut calcium ion absorption
33
Q

Difference between a synchondroses and symphyses

A

Both cartilagenous joints
Synchondreses - bones are directly connected by hyaline cartilage, e.g. costal cartilages
Symphyses - connecting cartilage is a plate of fibrocartilage, e.g. pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc

34
Q

What are gomphoses

A

A peg in socket fibrous joint found only in tooth articulation

35
Q

Whatare syndesmosomes

A

Bones are connected by a cord or sheet of fibrous membrane

e.g between tibia and filbula

36
Q

Where can condyloid joints be found

A

Metacarpal/ phalangeal

37
Q

Composition of cartilage

A

water
proteiglycans
collagen

38
Q

What are fascicles enclosed in

A

endotenon

39
Q

what is the tendon enclosed in

A

Epitenon/paratenon - Outer tendon sheath

40
Q

Difference between paratenon and epitenon

A

Epitenon sits inside paratenon
Epitenon acts as an elastic sleeve and reduces friction
Paratenon - CT with a protective function

41
Q

Describe the cell characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

Striations
Long and cylindrical
Multiple nuclei at the edge

42
Q

Cell characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

Striated
Single central nucleus
Branching - intercalated discs

43
Q

Describe the inverse myotatic protective reflex

A

golgi tendon organs are stimulated -> nerve impulse trvaels to the spinal cord via afferent 1b neurones -> synapses onto interneurones -> alpha motor neuone innervates muscle -> muscle relaxes -> prevention of muscle/ tendon damage

44
Q

Give 3 places smooth muscle can be find

A

arterial wall
wall of intestine
lung airways

45
Q

What are the functional units of myofibrils

A

sarcomeres - between 2 Z lines

46
Q

What is the H zone

A

region of the sarcomere containing only myosin

47
Q

Contraction times of type 1 vs 2 fibres

A

type 1 - slow twitch

2 - fast twitch

48
Q

How are type 1 and 2 fibres distinguished histologically

A

Can be distinguished using immunohistochemistry
Type 1 are red/brown
type 2 are paler

49
Q

What surrounds muscle spindles

A

fibrocollagenous capsule

50
Q

Describe the CT in skeletal muscle

A

Endomysium - fibrocollagenous ct between individual muscle fibres
Peri - binds together groups of muscle fibres to form fascicles
Epi - binds fascicles together

51
Q

What are sharpeys fibres

A

Connects epimysium of skeletal muscle to collagen of bone

- wide area

52
Q

What are the 2 types of type 2 fibres

Describe their differences

A 
2a undergo aerobic respiration whereas 2b undergoes anaerobic
2a has a high number of:
- blood vessels
- myoglobin (red)
-high mitochondrial density 
2b has low number of the above
53
Q

Why do skeletalmuscles have striations

A

myofibrils in register (lined up)

54
Q

What connects neighbouring sarcomeres

A

z line

55
Q

Cell characteristics of smooth muscle

A

Single central nucleus
No striation or branching
Spindle shaped

56
Q

What are haversian canals

A

Central part of osteons that contain blood vessels

has surrounding concentric rings of lamellar bone with osteocytes

57
Q

What do fibroblasts synthesise

A

Collagen and elastin

58
Q

Which layer of the trilaminar disc does skeletal muscle develop from

A

Paraxial mesoderm

59
Q

Does skeletal muscle contain stem cells

A

YES

contain a population called satellite cells

60
Q

What collagen is found in sharpeys fibres

A

Type 1

61
Q

What may some tendons lie in to protect them from frictional injury

A

Fibrocollagenous tendon sheath

62
Q

What type of collagen are osteoids rich in

A

Type 1

63
Q

What bones form via intramembranous ossification

A

Flat bones of skull, mandible and clavicles

64
Q

What is the name of the interconnections between Haversian canals

A

Volkmanns canals

65
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from

A

Monocytes

66
Q

What is uric acid formed as a result of

A

Breakdown of purine

Phase 1 Cram (12 decks)

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