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Phase 1 Cram > CVS > Flashcards

CVS Flashcards

1
Q

Life span of erythrocytes

A

120 days

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2
Q

Diameter of erythrocytes

A

7.5 micrometers

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3
Q

Where are RBCs removed

A

Spleen
Liver
Bone marrow

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4
Q

2 main groups of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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5
Q

Which type of leukocyte is involved in a) innate immune response and b) adaptive

A

A) granulocytes

B) lymphocytes

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6
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes

A

Neutrophil
Basophils
Eosinophils

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7
Q

What are 2 main groups of lymphocytes

A

B and T cells

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8
Q

What is the most abundant WBC

A

Neutrophil

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9
Q

What do monocytes mature into

A

Macrophages or dendritic cells

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10
Q

What do basophils mature into

A

Mast cells

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11
Q

What are the 2 agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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12
Q

What is the function of neutrophils

A

They’re phagocytes so engulf and destroy bacteria and other foreign molecules

They circulate in the blood and invade tissue spaces

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13
Q

What is the function of eosinophils

A

Phagocytic with particular affinity for antigen/antibody complexes

Have Receptors for immunoglobulin E

Inhibit mast cell creation

Neutralise histamine

Restricts inflammatory responses

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14
Q

What is the function of basophils

A

Act to prevent coagulation and agglutination

Release histamine and other vaso-active agents in response to allergens which results in immediate hypersensitivity reaction

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15
Q

What is haemostasis

A

Process to prevent and stop bleeding
Primary - platelet plug formation
Secondary - coagulation cascade

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16
Q

How does vessel injury stimulate the platelet plug formation

A

Endothelial wall becomes exposed

Smooth muscle contracts to limit blood loss
Mechanisms of contraction:
Endothelin release
Nervous stimulation

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17
Q

Describe the adhesion stage of platelet plug formation

A

Subendothelial collagen becomes exposed

Platelets bind to collagen via von Willebrand factor using the platelet receptor GP1B

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18
Q

Describe the activation process of platelet plug formation

A

Once bound to the subendothelium, platelets change shape - from smooth discoid to spiked

Platelets release alpha and electron dense granules, to escalate haemostasis process

Alpha:
vWF, Thromboxane A2, fibrinogen and fibrin-stabilizing factor

Electron-dense:
ADP, Ca2+, Serotonin

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19
Q

Describe the aggregation stage of platelet plug formation

A

Other platelets are attracted which bind together using GP2b/3a receptors and fibrinogen

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20
Q

How does the coagulation pathway form a cross linked fibrin clot

A

Prothrombin is converted to thrombin (IIa)

Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin (Ia)

Fibrin stabilising factor (XIIIa) is formed which together with fibrin forms a cross linked fibrin clot

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21
Q

What mediates fibrin breakdown

A

Plasmin

22
Q

How does plasmin naturally exist

A

Inactivated form - plasminogen

23
Q

What is the membrane potential on a cardiac myocyte at rest

A

-90mv

24
Q

How does the length of an action potential differ in the heart vs skeletal muscle

A

100x longer in the heart

25
Q

Describe depolarisation in cardiac myocytes

A

An Action potential arrives

If the threshold potential (-60mV) is reached, Na+ channels open and there’s an influx of Na

26
Q

Describe the partial repolarisation of a cardiac myocyte

A

At around +30mv, Na+ channels close and transient K+ channels open.
K+ moves out

27
Q

Describe the plateau stage of an action potential in a cardiac myocyte

A

L type Ca2+ channels allow an influx of Ca2+ to balance the K+ efflux

28
Q

Describe repolarisation in cardiac myocytes

A

Ca2+ channels close and K+ channels remain open allowing repolarisation

29
Q

Primary pacemaker

A

Sinoatrial node

30
Q

The effect of sympathetic stimulation on pacemaker potential

A

Noradrenaline increases Ca2+ channel opening so depolarisation is faster

This increases HR and force of contraction

31
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on pacemaker potential

A

Decreases HR
ACh activates K+ channels so the membrane is hyperpolarised
Also decreases calcium influx

32
Q

Describe the movement of different structure in cardiac looping

A

The bulbus cordis moves inferiorly, anteriorly and to the embryo’s right

The primitive ventricle moves to the embryo’s left side

The primitive atrium and the sinus venosus move superiorly and posteriorly - resulting in the sinus venosus being posterior to the primitive atrium

33
Q

Describe fetal circulation

A

Oxygenated blood from placenta enters fetus through umbilical vein
This blood bypasses liver via ductus venosus into the VC
Blood then travels into the RA and since pressure is higher in the LA most blood is shunted through the foramen ovale
Blood travels from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta via the ductus arteriosus
Deoxygenated blood returns to the placenta via umbilical arteries

34
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply

A

Right atrium and ventricle

35
Q

What does the right marginal artery supply

A

Right ventricle and apex of heart

36
Q

What does the posterior interventricular artery supply

A

Posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum
Right and left ventricles
AV node

37
Q

What does the left anterior descending artery supply

A

Right and left ventricle

Anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum

38
Q

What does the left marginal artery supply

A

Left ventricle

39
Q

What does the circumflex artery supply

A

Left atrium and ventricle

40
Q

What percentage of people have their PIV artery branch off the RCA only

A

70%

41
Q

What percentage of people have their PIV artery branch off the L circumflex A only

A

10%

42
Q

What percentage of people have their PIV artery branch off the RCA and LCA

A

20%

43
Q

What percentage of people have their PIV artery branch off the RCA

A

90%

44
Q

What percentage of people have their PIV artery branch off the LCA

A

30%

45
Q

3 hormonal factors that result in vasoconstriction

A

Epinephrine (skin)
Angiotensin II
Vasopressin

46
Q

2 hormonal factors that result in vasodilation

A

Epinephrine (muscle)

Atrial natriuretic peptide

47
Q

How do central chemoreceptors respond to a decrease in PaCO2

A

Decrease in medullary tonic activity so decrease in bp

48
Q

Where is the moderator band found

A

Right ventricle

49
Q

What is the fossa ovalis

A

Depression left when the foramen ovale closes

50
Q

Give 3 features of cardiac muscle

A

Striated
Branches
Central nucleus

Phase 1 Cram (12 decks)

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