RT 103 Ch. 3, CA Flashcards
(215 cards)
1
Q
Name the 3 groups that the nine regions of the body are divided into, in the REGION method.
A
- Superior
- Middle
- Inferior
2
Q
What 3 regions of the body are part of the superior group?
A
- Right hypochondrium
- Epigastrium
- Left hypochondrium
3
Q
What 3 regions of the body are part of the Middle group?
A
Right lateral
Umbilical
Left lateral
4
Q
If a patient is diagnosed as having epigastric pain what method of division would this be an example of?
A
Region method ( Nine region method)
5
Q
If a patient is diagnosed as having RLQ pain, what method of division would this be an example of?
A
Quadrant method
6
Q
Surface Landmarks- C1
A
Mastoid tip
7
Q
Surface Landmarks- Cervical Area, C2, C3
A
Gonion, (Angle of mandible)
8
Q
Surface Landmarks- Cervical Area, C3, C4
A
Hyoid Bone
9
Q
Surface Landmarks- Cervical Area, C5
A
Thyroid cartilage
10
Q
Surface Landmarks- Cervical Area- C7, T1
A
Vertebra prominens
11
Q
Surface Landmarks- Thoracic area- T1
A
Approx. 2” (5cm) above level of the jugular notch
12
Q
Surface Landmarks- Thoracic area- T2, T3
A
Level of Jugular notch
13
Q
What 3 regions of the body are part of the Inferior group?
A
Right inguinal
hypogastrium
left inguinal
14
Q
Surface landmarks - Thoracic Area - T4, T5
A
Level of sternal angle
15
Q
Surface landmarks - Thoracic Area - T7
A
Level of inferior angles of scapulae
16
Q
Surface landmarks - Thoracic Area - T9, T10
A
Level of xiphoid process
17
Q
Surface landmarks - Lumbar Area - L2, L3
A
Inferior costal margin
18
Q
Surface landmarks - Lumbar Area - L4, L5
A
Level of superiormost aspect of iliac crests
19
Q
Surface landmarks - Sacrum and Pelvic Area - S1, S2
A
Level of anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
20
Q
Surface landmarks - Sacrum and Pelvic Area - Coccyx
A
Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters.
21
Q
Body Habitus
A
Common variations in the shape of the human body.
22
Q
Why is the specific type of body habitus important in radiography?
A
Because it determines the size, shape, and position of the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
23
Q
What does the body habitus directly affect the locations of which organs?
A
Heart Lungs Diaphragm Stomach Colon Gallbladder
24
Q
What are the four body types of body habitus?
A
Sthenic (50% of population)
Asthenic (10% of population)
Hyposthenic (35% of population)
Hypersthenic (5% of population)
25
What percentage of the population has either Sthenic or Hyposthenic body habitus?
85%
26
What is the dominant type of body habitus?
Sthenic
27
Patients with Sthenic or Hyposthenic body habitus are referred to as what?
Ordinary or average
28
Sthenic (50% of population) organ placement
Heart: Moderately transverse
Lungs: Moderate length
Diaphragm: Moderately High
Stomach: High, upper left
Colon: Spread evenly, slight dip in transverse colon
Gallbladder: Centered on right upper abdomen
29
Sthenic (50% of population) characteristics
Build: Moderately heavy
Abdomen: Moderately long
Thorax: Moderately short, broad, and deep
Pelvis; Relatively small
30
Hyposthenic (35% of population)
Organs and characteristics for this habitus are intermediate between Sthenic and Asthenic body habitus types: this habitus is the most difficult to classify.
31
Asthenic (10% of population) organ placement
Heart: Nearly vertical and at midline
Lungs: Long, apices above clavicles, may be broader above base
Diaphragm: Low
Stomach: Low and medial, in the pelvis when standing
Colon: low, spreads in itself
Gallbladder: lower and nearer to the midline
32
Hypersthenic (5% of population) characteristics
Build: Massiver; described as having a barrell chest
Abdomen: Long
Thorax: Short, broad, deep
Pelvis; Narrow
33
Asthenic (10% of population) characteristics
Build: Frail
Abdomen: Short
Thorax: long, shallow
Pelvis; Wide
34
Hypersthenic (5% of population) organ placement
Heart: axis nearly transverse
Lungs: short, apices at or near clavicles
Diaphragm: High
Stomach: High and transverse, and i the middle
Colon: Around periphery of abdomen
Gallbladder: High, outside, lies more parallel.
35
How many bones does the adult human skeleton have?
206
36
What unites bones to the skeleton?
Ligaments
37
What do bones provide?
1. Attachment for muscles
2. Mechanical basis for movement
3. Protection of internal organs.
4. a frame to support the body
5. Storage for calcium, phosphorus and other salts
6. Production of red and white blood cells
38
What are the 2 main groups bones are divided in?
Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton
39
Axial Skeleton group of bone
supports and protects the head and trunk with 80 bones.
40
Appendicular skeleton group of bone
allows the body to move in various positions and from place to place with 126 bones
41
Axial skeleton - Skull 28 bones
Cranial - 8
| Facial - 14
42
Axial skeleton - Neck 1 bone
Hydroid
43
Axial skeleton - Thorax 25 bones
Sternum - 1
| Ribs - 24
44
Axial skeleton - Vertebral Column 26 bones
```
Cervical -7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
sacrum - 1
Coccyx - 1
```
45
Appendicular skeleton - Shoulder Girdle 4 bones
Clavicles -2
| Scapulae -2
46
Appendicular skeleton - upper limbs 60 bones
```
Humeri - 2
Ulnae - 2
Radii -2
Carpals - 16
metacarpals - 10
Phalanges -28
```
47
Appendicular skeleton - lower limbs 60 bones
```
Femora - 2
Tibias - 2
Fibuae -2
Patellae - 2
Tarsals -14
Metatarsals - 10
Phalanges -28
```
48
Appendicular skeleton - pelvic girdle 2 bones
Hip bones - 2
49
Bone Features
| A spiculated network of interconnecting spaces; filled with red and yellow marrow
Trabeculae
(Don't forget that this answer is part of the spongy bone feature, there is also a compact bone outer layer which is also a feature.)
50
Bones that have a central cavity;which contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow. Name this type of bone?
Long Bones
51
The name of the cavity containing yellow marrow in long bones?
Medullary
52
This tough fibrous connective tissue covers all bony surfaces except the articular surfaces, which are covered by the articular cartilage.
Periosteum
53
The tissue lining the medullary cavity of bones is called?
Endosteum
54
The term given to the development and formation of bones?
Ossification
55
When do bones begin to develop?
In the 2nd month of embryonic life
56
Ossification
Bones that develop from fibrous membranes in the embryo produce the flat bones? Name the stage in ossification and bones.
Intermembranous; Bones of the skull, clavicles, mandible, and sternum
57
Ossification
Bones that develop from HYALINE CARTILAGE in the bone and produce the short, irregular and long bones. Name the Ossification.
Endochondral
58
Ossification
Begins BEFORE BIRTH and forms the entire bulk of the short and irregular bones, and forms the long central shaft in long bones.
Primary
59
What the long shaft of long bones is called
Diaphysis
60
Ossification
| Occurs after birth when a separate bone begins to develop at both ends of each long bone.
Secondary
61
Name the end of each end of the long bone
Epiphysis
62
Name the type of bones found only in the limbs, and examples of these bones?
Long bones ; Femur, humerus, phalanges of fingers, and toes
63
Name the type of bone consisting of cancellous bone containing red marrow and have a thin outer layer of compact bone. Give examples.
short bones; carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the ankles
64
Name the type of bones which are named for their peculiar shape? Give examples.
Irregular bones; vertebrae and bones in the pelvis
65
Name the type of bones which are small and oval, and develop inside and beside tendons. Give examples
Sesamoid bones; Patella
66
The study of the joints, or articulations between bones.
Arthrology
67
Functional Classification:
| Immovable joints
Synarthroses
68
Functional Classification
| Slightly movable joints
Amphiarthroses
69
Functional Classification
| Freely movable
Diarthroses
70
Name the three groups of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
71
Name the three types of Fibrous joints?
Syndesmosis, Suture, Gomphosis
72
Structural Classification
Name this fibrous immovable or slightly movable joint united by sheets of fibrous tissue.
Also name the functional class.
Syndesmosis
| Functional: Synarthroses or Amphiarthroses
73
Give an example of a Syndesmosis joint.
The inferior tibiofibular joint
74
Structural Classification
Name this fibrous immovable joint occuring only in the skull.
Also name the functional class.
Suture
| Functional: Synarthroses
75
Structural Classification
Name this fibrous immovable joint occuring only in the roots of the teeth
Also name the functional class.
Gomphosis
| Functional: Synarthroses
76
Name the two types of Cartilaginous joints:
Symphysis, Synchondrosis
77
Structural Classification
Name this cartilaginous slightly movable joint separated by a pad of fibrocartilage and designed for strength and shock absorbency.
Also name the functional class.
Symphysis
| Functional: Ampiarthroses
78
Give an example of a symphysis joint:
The joint between the two pubic bones (pubic symphysis)
79
Structural Classification
Name this cartilaginous immovable joint that contains a rigid cartilage that units two bones.
Also name the functional class.
Synchondrosis
| Funtional: Synarthrosis
80
Give an example of a synchondrosis joint:
The epiphyseal plate found between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing long bone.
81
Name the six types of Synovial joints:
1. Gliding (or Plane)
2. Hinge (or Ginglymus)
3. Pivot (or Trochoid)
4. Ellipsoid (or Condyloid)
5. Saddle (or Sellar)
6. Ball and Socket (Spheroid)
82
Structural Classification
Name this synovial joint with uniaxial movement, that permits slight movement, and contain flattened or slightly curved surfaces.
Also name the functional class.
Gliding (or Plane)
| Funtional: Diarthroses
83
Give an example of a Gliding (or Plane) joint?
The intertarasal and intercarpal joints of the ankles and wrists.
84
Structural Classification
Name this synovial joint with uniaxial movement, that permits only flexion and extension:
Also name the functional class.
Hinge (or Ginglymus)
| Functional: Diarthroses
85
Give an example of the Hinge (or Ginglymus) joint:
The elbow knee, and ankle
86
Structural Classification
Name this synovial joint with uniaxial movement, that permits rotation around a single axis.
Also name the functional class
Pivot (or trochoid)
| Functional: Diarthroses
87
Give an example of the Pivot (or trochoid) joint:
The articulation of the atlas and axis of the cervical spine
88
Structural Classification
Name this synovial joint with biaxial movement, that permits movement in two directions at right angles to each other.
Also name the functional class.
Ellipsoid (condyloid)
| Functional: Diarthroses
89
Give an example of the Ellipsoid (or condyloid) joint:
The radiocarpal joint of the wrist
90
Structural Classification
Name this synovial joint with biaxial movement, that permits movement in two axes, similar to the ellipsoid joint.
Also name the functional class.
The Saddle joint (or spheroid)
| Functional: Diarthroses
91
Structural Classification
Name this synovial joint with multiaxial movement, and permits movement in many axes, including flexion, and extension, abdution, and aduction.
Also name the functional class.
Ball and socket ( or spheroid)
| Funtional: Diarthroses
92
What are all bones composed of?
outer layer called compact bone which protects the bone and supports the body and an inner layer called spongy bone that contain trabeculae
93
What does red marrow produce?
red and white blood cells.
94
What does yellow marrow do?
stores adipose (fat) cells.
95
What are the knoblike projections of the bone called and what is the function?
tubercles and tuberosities which are covered by the Periosteum, the projections serve as contact point for muscles, ligaments and tendons to attach to.
96
Where do blood vessels and nerves enter and exit through?
foramina (part of the Periosteum)
97
Processes and projections
extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone.
98
Processes and projections:
| condyle
rounded process at an articular extremity
99
Processes and projections:
| coracoid or coronoid
beakike or crownlike process
100
Processes and projections
| crest
ridgelike process
101
Processes and projections
| epiccondyle
projection above a condyle
102
Processes and projections
| facet
small, smooth - surfaced process for articulation with another structure.
103
Processes and projections
| hamulus
hook-shaped process
104
Processes and projections
| head
expanded end of a long bone
105
Processes and projections
| horn
hornlike process on a bone
106
Processes and projections
| line
less prominent ridge than a crest; a linear elevation.
107
Processes and projections
| malleolus
club-shaped process
108
Processes and projections
| protuberance
projecting part or prominence
109
Processes and projections
| spine
sharp process
110
Processes and projections
| styloid
long, pointed process
111
Processes and projections
| trochanter
either of two large, rounded, and elevated processes (greater or major and lessor or minor) located at junction of neck and shaft of femur
112
Processes and projections
| tubercle
small, rounded, and elevated process
113
Processes and projections
| tuberosity
large, rounded and elevated process
114
What is a depression?
hollow or depressed areas
115
Depression
| fissure
cleft or deep groove
116
Depression
| foremen
hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves.
117
Depression
| fossa
pit, fovea, or hollow space
118
Depression
| groove
shallow linear channel
119
Depression
| meatus
tubelike passageway running within a bone.
120
Depression
| notch
indentation into border of a bone.
121
Depression
| sinus
recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space, such as (1) recess or groove in bone, as used to designate a channel for venous blood on inner surface of cranium; (2) air cavity in bone or hollow space in other tissue (used to designate a hollow space within a bone, as in paranasal sinuses; (3) fustula or supporting channel in soft tissue.
122
Depression
| sulcus
furrow, trench, or fissurelike depression
123
What is a fracture
a break in the bone.
124
How are fracture classified?
According to the nature of the break
125
Fracture
| closed
fracture that does not break through the skin
126
Fracture
| displaced
serious fracture in which bones are not in anatomic allignment
127
Fracture
| nondisplaced
fracture in which bone retains its normal alignment
128
Fracture
| open/compound
serious fracture in which broken bone or bones project through the skin
129
what are the common classifications of fractures?
```
compression
open or compound
simple
greenstick
transverse
spiral or oblique
comminuted
impacted
```
130
What does anterior (ventral) mean?
refers to forward or front part of the body or forward part of an organ
131
What does posterior (dorsal) mean?
refers to forward or back part of the body organ
| (note, however that the superior surface of the foot is referred to as the dorsal surface.
132
What does caudad mean?
refers to parts away from the head of the body
133
What does cephalad mean?
refers to parts towards the head of the body
134
What does inferior mean?
refers to nearer the feet or situated below
135
What does superior mean?
refers to nearer the head or situated above
136
What does central mean?
refers to middle area or main part of organ
137
What does peripheral mean?
refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside if another body part
138
What does ipsilateral mean?
refers to part or parts on the same side of the body
139
What does contralateral mean?
refers to part or parts on the opposite side of the body
140
What does lateral mean?
refers to parts away from the medium plane of the body or away from the middle of another body part to the right or left
141
What does medial mean?
refers to parts toward the medium plane of the body or toward the middle of another part of the body
142
What does deep mean?
refers to parts far from the surface
143
What does superficial mean?
refers to parts near the skin or surface
144
What does distal mean?
refers to parts farthest from the point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; away from center of body
145
What does proximal mean?
refers to parts nearer the point of attachment, point of reference origin, or beginning; toward the center of the body
146
What does external mean?
refers to parts outside an organ or on the outside of the body
147
What does internal mean?
refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ
148
What does parietal mean?
refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity
149
What does visceral mean?
refers to the covering of an organ
150
What does dorsum mean?
refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot or to the back or posterior surface of the hand
151
What does palmar mean?
refers to the palm of the hand
152
What does plantar mean?
refers to the sole of the foot
153
What are the four positioning terms most used in radiology?
1. projection
2. position
3 view
4. method
154
Define projection
the path of the central ray as it exits the xray tube and goes through the patient to the IR.
Most projections are defined by the entrance and exit points in the body and are based on ANATOMIC POSITION.
155
Relationship projections
relationship formed by the central and the body as the central ray passes through the entire body or body part.
examples include the axial and tangential projections.
156
Anteroposterior projection
a perpendicular central ray enters the anterior body surface and exits posterior body surfaces.
157
Anteroposterior projection - patient postions
supine or dorsal recumbent body position, upright position, seated position or lateral decubitus position
158
Posteroanterior projection
a perpendicular central ray enters the posterior body surface and exits anterior body surfaces.
159
Posteroanterior projection - patient positions
upright
seated
prone ( ventral recumbent)
lateral decubitus
160
Axial projection
there is longitudinal angulation of the central ray with the long axis of the body or specific body part.
161
Axial projection - patient positions
based on the anatomic position and is most often produced by angling the central ray cephalad or caudad. (can be obtained with the patient in virtually any body position.
162
Axial
refers to all projections in which the longitudinal angulation between the central ray and the long axis of the body part is 10 degrees or more.
163
Tangential position
occasionally the central ray is directed toward the outer margin of the curved body surface to profile a body part just under the surface and project free of superimposition.
Relationship is formed between the central ray and the entire body or body part
164
Lateral projection
perpendicular central ray enters one side of the body or body part, passes transversely along the coronal plane, and exits opposite side.
165
Left or right lateral postion
specifies the side of the body closest to the IR
166
Oblique projection
central ray enters the body or body part from a single angle following an oblique plane. May enter from either side of body and from anterior and posterior surfaces.
167
AP oblique projection
enters anterior surface and exits the opposite posterior surface
168
PA oblique projection
enters posterior surface and exits anteriorly.
169
What type of positioning would RPO be?
Right Posterior Oblique - places the right posterior surface closest to the IR and corresponds with an AP projection exiting through the same side.
170
True projections
Body part must be placed EXACTLY in the anatomic position.
171
In Profile
is an outlined or silhouette view of an anatomic structure that has a distinctive shape.
172
Postion
Used in 2 ways in radiology
1. identifies the overall posture of the patient or the general body position.
2 specific placement of the body part in relation to the radiographic table or IR during imaging.
173
General Body Position used in radiography practice
| upright
erect or marked by a vertical postion
174
General Body Position used in radiography practice
| seated
upright position in which the patient is sitting on a chair or stool
175
General Body Position used in radiography practice
| recumbent
general term referring to lying down in any position such as dorsal recumbent, ventral recumbent, or lateral recumbent
176
General Body Position used in radiography practice
| supine
lying on the back
177
General Body Position used in radiography practice
| prone
lying face down
178
Lateral position
lateral radiographic positions are always named according to the side of the patient that is placed closest to the IR.
179
Oblique position
achieved when the entire body or body part is rotated so that the coronal is not parallel with the radiographic table or IR.
Named according to the side of the patient that is placed closest to the IR.
180
decubitus position
indicates that the patient is lying down and that the central ray is horizontal and parallel with the floor.
181
Name the 3 primary decubitus positions
```
lateral decubitus (left or right)
dorsal decubitus
ventral decubitus
```
182
Which primary decubitus position is used most often?
lateral
183
Lordotic position
achieved by having the patient lean backward while in the upright body position so that only the shoulders are in contact with the IR.
184
Body Movement Terminology
| abduct or abduction
movement from a part away from the central axis of the body or body part.
185
Body Movement Terminology
| adduct or adduction
movement from a part toward the central axis of the body or body part.
186
Body Movement Terminology
| extension
straightening of a joint when both elements of the joint are in the atomic position; normal position of joint.
187
Body Movement Terminology
| flexion
act of bending a joint, opposite of extension
188
Body Movement Terminology
| hyperextension
forced or excessive extension of a limb or joints.
189
Body Movement Terminology
| hyperflexion
forced overflexion of a limb or joints
190
Body Movement Terminology
| evert/eversion
outward turning of the foot at the ankle
191
Body Movement Terminology
| invert/inversion
inward turning of the foot at the ankle
192
Body Movement Terminology
| pronate/pronation
rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down.
193
Body Movement Terminology
| supinate/supination
rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up.
194
Body Movement Terminology
| rotate/rotation
turning or rotating of a body or a body part around its axis rotation of a limb is either medial (toward the midline of the body from the anatomic position or lateral (away from the midline of the body from the anatomic position.
195
Body Movement Terminology
| circumduction
circular movement of a limb
196
Body Movement Terminology
| tilt
tipping or slanting a body part slightly; tilt is in relation to the long axis of the body.
197
Body Movement Terminology
| deviation
turning away from the regular standard or course
198
Body Movement Terminology
| dorsiflexion
flexion or bending the foot toward the leg
199
Body Movement Terminology
| plantar flexion
flexion or bending the foot downward toward the sole.
200
What are the four fundamental body planes referred regularly in radiography?
1. Sagittal
2. Coronal
3. Horizontal
4. Oblique
201
The body plane that divides the entire body or a body part into right and left segments . It passes VERTICALLY through the body from from to back.
Sagittal
202
The body plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left halves.
Mid-Sagittal
203
The body plane that divides the entire body or a body part into anterior and posterior segments. It passes through the body vertically from one side to the other.
Coronal
204
A specific body plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal anterior and posterior halves.
Mid-Coronal
205
The mid-coronal plane is also known as?
mid-axillary plane
206
The body plane that passes crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis.
Horizontal
207
The Horizontal plane is also referred to as?
Transverse , axial, cross-sectional plane
208
The body angle that can pass through a body part at any angle among any of the other planes.
Oblique
209
What are the two great cavities of the torso?
Thoracic and Abdominal
210
The body cavity that is sub-divided into a pericardial segment and two pleural portions.
Thoracic cavity
211
The body cavity that has no intervening partition, the lower portion is called the pelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
212
```
The body cavity containing:
Pleural membranes
Lungs
Esophagus
Pericardium
Heart and great vessels
```
Thoracic cavity
213
```
The body cavity containing:
Peritoneum
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Spleen
Stomach
Intestines
Kidneys
Ureters
```
Abdominal cavity
214
Name the methods the abdomen can be divided.
Four quadrants or Nine regions
215
Name the four clinical divisions in the quadrant method.
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
