Russia industry

Question 1

Alex railway

Answer 1

Build 13000 miles of railway – 7x increase

2194 miles were opened in 1862, by 1878 13979 miles were opened.

Question 2

Economic growth alex 11

Answer 2

Russia’s economy grew by 6% a year under Reutern.

By 1880, 94% of Russian railways were owned by private companies.

Depression in eurpoe doesnt impact

Question 3

Ludwig loop

Answer 3

built 154 factories and equipped 187 factories.

Question 4

JJ Hughes

Answer 4

By 1884 largest producer - 80% coal

Question 5

Nobel brothers

Answer 5

from Norway invested in oil-wells in Baku

Question 6

Bunge - 1882-1886

Answer 6

Salt Tax was abolished in 1881.

The unfair Poll Tax was abolished in 1886.

In 1883 a Peasant Land Bank was set up that lent money to peasants at very cheap rates to buy land.

The government started to buy back the railways. By 1911, 69% of the railways were owned by the Russian government.

Bunge is sacked after the Rouble collapsed in the mid-1880s.

Question 7

Vyshnegradskii 1882-1886

Answer 7

Introduced the Medele’ev Tariff in 1891. - money exporting grain
-Leads to 450000 to die in famine

Question 8

Witte1893-1903

Answer 8

This was known as the ‘Great Spurt’.- 69% economy boost
*17264 miles of railway opened in 1891. 31125 opened in 1901
*Income earnt in industry went from 42 million roubles in 1893 to 161 million roubles in 1897
The Rouble was placed on the gold-standard in 1897.
Coal prduction increases 2x – iron /steel 7x

Question 9

Stolypin 1905-11

Answer 9

Nov 22nd 1906 land refrom
1909-1913 GNP grew 3.5% every year.

However, by 1913 Russia only produced 10% of coal Britain produced and Russia’s GDP was 20% of Britain’s.

Question 10

Ww1

Answer 10

The economy collapses.

The government spent 1.5 billion roubles in 1913. The War alone cost 3 billion in 1916.

Prices rose by 400% between 1914-1917.

Question 11

Decree on state

Answer 11

Nov 8th 1917 - no private business
30000 centralised

Question 12

Decree on supreme economic council

Answer 12

Dec 15th 1917
SEC formed

Question 13

Decree on workers control

Answer 13

Nov 27th 1917

-Given power

Question 14

Civil war

Answer 14

Coal production was 29 million tonnes in 1913, it was 8.9 million tonnes in 1921.

In 1920 the Rouble was worth 1% of what it had been worth in 1917.
Falls 230 X

By 1921 90% of all wages were paid in kind (i.e. with goods, not cash)

Question 15

NEP

Answer 15

March 21, 1921
Increases production
1921, the grain harvest = 37.6 million tons. By 1926 = 76.6 million tons.

By 1926, industrial output was about 200% of what it had been in 1921.

Question 16

Stalins great turn - New cities built -

Answer 16

Magnitogorsk was built in the 1930s. It provided workers for a steel works and had a population of around 500000.

Question 17

2nd 5 year plan outcomes

Answer 17

Oil (millions of tonnes)

11.6

31.1

Coal (millions of tonnes)

35.5

166

Steel (millions of tonnes)

4.3

18.3

Electricity (millions of kilowatt-hours)

5.0

48.3

Question 18

5 year plan faliures

Answer 18

The first Five Year Plan was announced in 1929 (1928-1933).

It was scrapped in 1932.
1100000 killed for not meeting targets

Question 19

Kruschev industry

Answer 19

1964, 1 in 77 Russians owned a washing machine (it was 1 in a 1000 in 1955).

4 people in 100 owned a fridge in 1964 (this is positive).

Question 20

Kruschev 5 year plans

Answer 20

The Fifth Five Year Plan wasted a lot of money on hydroelectric schemes that failed.

The Sixth Five Year Plan was scrapped after two years.

Question 21

Alex 11 agriculture

Answer 21

In 3rd march1861 the Emancipation Edict freed the serfs.
Loose 4.1 % income
Serfs owned by the state were not freed until 1866

Peasants had to pay for land through redemption payments which lasted 49 years at 6% p/a.

Question 22

Alex 111 argiculture

Answer 22

1889 – land captains control peasants

Peasant Land Bank was set up in 1883. This allowed the peasants to borrow money cheaply to buy land
1891 great famine - 4500000 killed
Sets up relief lotterys

Question 23

Nicholas 11 argiculture

Answer 23

Stolypin land refrom nov 22nd 1906
It became easier to merge small plots of land together.

1894-1914 2 million peasants left the countryside for the cities.
There was widespread peasant unrest in October 1917. - 77% of country

Question 24

Lenin - War communism

Answer 24

The Cheka enforced grain requisitioning during the Civil War - executed peasants who were considered ‘kulaks’.
Sep 5th 1918 - decree on red teror allows total cheka power

By 1920, the grain harvest had fallen to approximately 37.6 million tons
20% of pre war levels
5 million die
Rations 200–300 grams of bread a day by 1920.

Question 25

Stalin collectivisation

Answer 25

Between 1928-1930 30000 kulaks were executed and between 6-18 million were deported to remote parts of the USSR (usually Kazakhstan). By 1930 58% of all Soviet households lived on collective farms. In Central Asia many people still had a nomadic lifestyle. That ended. Kazakhstan’s population decreased by 75%. By 1937, 93% of peasants were living on collectivised farms. By 1941, 98% of all peasants lived on collectivised farms.

Question 26

Holodomour

Answer 26

9 million were killed in a famine in Ukraine due to the poor implementation of collectivisation and poor weather1932-1934

Question 27

Virgin land

Answer 27

1954 - aiming of turning the steppe over to grain production. 165 million acres of steppe was used for grain production in 1964. Cities were adequately provided with food. The Virgin Land Campaign was poorly planned with no crop rotation used. It led to environmental disasters, such as the Aral Sea drying up. In 1962 the grain harvest was 140 million tonnes, in 1963 it was 107 million tonnes.

Question 28

1962 Novocherkassk riots

Answer 28

2nd june 1962 23 killed

Question 29

Alex 11 work

Answer 29

Bans children under 12 from working in factories in 1882. Introduces factory inspectors in 1882.

Question 30

Nicholas 11 work

Answer 30

9-10 hour working day normal in 1914. A workers insurance scheme was set up in 1912 (pay wages if injured).

Question 31

lenin work

Answer 31

The Rabkrin (Workers’ Inspectorate) was set up in 1920 to improve conditions. Has no power. The New Work Discipline fined workers for mistakes. A fine of 10% of your wages was common. Workers were shot if anti-revolutionary.

Question 32

Stalin work

Answer 32

12 hours in 1932. During the First Five Year Plan (1928-32) wages fell by 50%. 1100000 killed at kolkoz a year 25th/6th days of indutrialisaton 6 day work day

Question 33

Khurshev

Answer 33

7 hour working day introduced in 1958. In 1954 wages rose about what they were in the 1920s.