S2 - Geoscience (complete)

Question 1

Igneous

Answer 1

Rock formed as lava cools and hardens.

Question 2

Sedimentary

Answer 2

Rock formed under water as layers of sediment settle and harden.

Question 3

Metamorphic

Answer 3

Formed from other rocks due to heat and pressure underground.

Question 4

Magma

Answer 4

Molten rock under the ground.

Question 5

Lava

Answer 5

Molten rock that escapes through cracks in the Earth’s crust.

(not underground - different from magma!)

Question 6

Weathering

Answer 6

Breakdown of rocks on the Earth’s surface.

Question 7

Erosion

Answer 7

Gradual wearing down of rocks e.g. by water or wind.

Question 8

Sediment

Answer 8

Fine particles of rock that settle in water.

Question 9

Fossils

Answer 9

Plant or animal remains trapped in sediments and turned to rock.

Question 10

Which type of rock can contain fossils and fossil fuels?

Answer 10

Sedimentary

Question 11

G _ _ _ _ _ E is an igneous rock.

Answer 11

Granite

Question 12

S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ E is a sedimentary rock.

Answer 12

Sandstone

Question 13

M _ _ _ _ E is a metamorphic rock.

Answer 13

Marble

Question 14

Permeable

Answer 14

Allows something to pass through, e.g. water.

Question 15

State two properties of igneous rock

Answer 15

Any two of:

Contains large crystals

Hard to scratch

Water does not soak in

Does not react with acid

Question 16

State two properties of sedimentary rock

Answer 16

Any two of:

Made of layers

Soft and easy to scratch

Water soaks in

Reacts with acid

Question 17

State two properties of metamorphic rock

Answer 17

Any two of:

Made of small crystals or layers

Hard to scratch

Water does not soak in

Does not react with acid

Question 18

Ore

Answer 18

Rock containing metal compounds.

Question 19

Electrolysis

Answer 19

Using electricity to break down compounds.

Question 20

What does this list show?

Answer 20

Reactivity series - reactive metals at the top, unreactive metals at the bottom.

Question 21

How would you extract the metals in the middle from their ores?

(Iron, tin, lead)

Answer 21

Heating with carbon

Question 22

How would you extract the metals at the top from their ores?

(Potassium, magnesium, calcium, aluminium)

Answer 22

Electrolysis

Question 23

Corrosion

Answer 23

Chemical reaction of metal surfaces to form compounds.

Question 24

Rusting

Answer 24

Corrosion of iron.

Question 25

Which **two** things are **needed** for **rusting**?

Answer 25

**Oxygen** and **water**

Question 26

Physical protection

Answer 26

**Protection** from **corrosion** by using a **barrier** such as paint or grease.

Question 27

Sacrificial protection

Answer 27

**Protection** from **corrosion** by attaching a **more reactive metal**.

Question 28

What makes iron **rust faster**?

Answer 28

**Acid** or **salt**

Question 29

How does **paint prevent** iron from **rusting**?

Answer 29

Keeps out **water** and **oxygen**.

Question 30

Galvanising

Answer 30

**Dipping** metal in **molten zinc** to protect it from corrosion.

Question 31

Horizon

Answer 31

**Layer** within the **soil**.

Question 32

This type of soil has **large particles** and **drains quickly**.

Answer 32

Sandy soil

Question 33

**Medium sized particles** in soil are called _ \_ _ \_.

Answer 33

Silt

Question 34

This type of soil has **fine particles** stuck together, and **drains poorly**.

Answer 34

Clay soil

Question 35

This type of soil is a **mixture** of **clay**, **sand** and **silt**.

Answer 35

Loam

Question 36

Which **three** nutrients do **plants** need to grow?

Answer 36

Phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), potassium (K) (to remember, think **PiNK**!)

Question 37

How do plants take up **nutrients** from the **soil**?

Answer 37

They absorb **nutrients dissolved in water** through their **roots**.

Question 38

**Soluble nitrogen compounds** taken in by plants

Answer 38

Nitrates

Question 39

How do **plants** take in **nitrogen**?

Answer 39

In the form of **nitrates** through their **roots**.

Question 40

Why is **nitrogen important** to plants?

Answer 40

**Nitrogen** is used to build chemicals called **amino acids**. Amino acids are the building blocks of **protein** molecules. Protein molecules are used to build **new cells** as the plant grows.

Question 41

Decomposition

Answer 41

**Breaking down** (of dead material or chemical compounds)

Question 42

**Decomposers** turn dead plant and animal waste back into **soil nitrates**. What are **decomposers**?

Answer 42

Bacteria and fungi

Question 43

Fertilisers

Answer 43

Compounds which **help plants grow**. | (contain P, N, and/or K)

Question 44

Why do farmers use **fertiliser**?

Answer 44

To **replace nutrients** removed when crops are **harvested**.

Question 45

Agriculture

Answer 45

**Growing crops** (food and commercial plants)

Question 46

Natural fertilisers

Answer 46

**Manure** or **compost**. They supply plants with **nutrients**.

Question 47

Herbicides

Answer 47

Chemicals which **kill weeds**.

Question 48

Pesticides

Answer 48

Chemicals which **kill pests**.

Question 49

Biological control

Answer 49

When a **natural predator** is used to **kill pests** (e.g. ladybirds kill Colorado beetles which harm potato plants).