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ANT 1001 Lecture > Scalp, Face, Parotid > Flashcards

Scalp, Face, Parotid Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 layers of the SCALP?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Connective tissue (dense)
  3. Aponurotic layer
  4. Loos connecctive dissue
  5. Pericranium
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2
Q

WHat is the first layer of the scalp?

A

Skin

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3
Q

What is the 2nd layer of the scalp? Describe

A

Dense connective tissue
Lots of blood vessels and nerve endings for cutaneous innervation.
LOTS of bleeding, wounds stay open unless stiching.

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4
Q

What is the 3nd layer of the scalp? Describe

A

Aponuerotic layer
* Thin flat tendonous layer

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5
Q

What is the 4th layer of the scalp? Describe

A

Loose connective tissue
* Not as tight and organized
* Infection spread more easily

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6
Q

What layer of the scalp is loose and therefore alows for the spread of infection more easily?

A

Loose Connective tissue

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7
Q

5th and innermost layer of the scalp. Describe

A

Pericranium
* Basically periosteum
* Sits directly adheared to the bone

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8
Q

An epicranial aponeurousis (thin tendanous sheath over skull)

A

Occipitofrontalis

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9
Q

How many bellys does the Occipitofrontalishave?

A

2 bellys;
occipital & frontal belly

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10
Q

Explain the attachment and innervation of the occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis

A

Attachments:
Occipital bone (superior to nuchal line and mastoid process) and epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica)

Innervation:
Posterior auricular branch

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11
Q

Explain the *attachment, innervation, and action * of the Frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis

A

Attachments:
To the skin above the eyebrows and the epicranial aponeurosis.

Innervation:
Temporal branch of the facial nerve [VII]

Action:
Move the scalp wrinkle the forehead, and rasie the eyebrows.

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12
Q

What are the 4 main cutaneous innervation of the scalp

(not the sub branches)

A
  1. Opthalmic Nerve V1
  2. Maxillary Nerve V2
  3. Mandibular Nerve V3
  4. Cervical Plexus (post rami)
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13
Q

Cutaneous Innervation of the Scalp

What are the 2 branches of the Opthalmic Nerve V1

A
  1. Supratrochlear n.
  2. Supra-orbital n
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14
Q

Cutaneous Innervation of the Scalp

What is the branch off the Maxillary Nerve V2

A

Zygomaticotemporaln.

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15
Q

Cutaneous Innervation of the Scalp

What is the branch off the Mandibular Nerve V3

A

Auriculotemporaln.

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16
Q

Cutaneous Innervation of the Scalp

What are the cutanous innervation of the posterior scalp an neck?

A

Post rami C2-C4 of the Cervical Plexus

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17
Q

Cutaneous Innervation of the Scalp

What nerves comes of the posterior ramus of C2 and innervates the back of the head?

A

Greater Occipital Nerve

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18
Q

Cutaneous Innervation of the Scalp

What 2 nerves comes off the posterior ramus of C2 C3 and innervates the posterior lateral side of neck and head by the ears and behind?

A
  1. Lesser occipital
  2. Greater auricular
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19
Q

Cutaneous Innervation of the Scalp

What nerves innervates the back of the neck via the posterior ramus of C3?

A

Third occipital N.

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21
Q

Cutaneous Innervation anterior face

Explain the Supratrochlear nerve

A

Branch that comes off V1 and comes up the medial aspect of the forhead

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21
Q

Cutaneous Innervation anterior face

Explain the Supra-orbital N.

A

Branch that comes off V1 and is right above the eye travels up the forhead to superior portion of scalp

more medial

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22
Q

Cutaneous Innervation anterior face

Explain the Zygomaticotemporaln.

A

Branches that come off V2 and are on the lateral aspect of the forhead

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23
Q

Cutaneous Innervation anterior face

Explain the Auriculotemporaln

A

Branch that comes off V3 that come in front of ear, on the side of the temporal bone

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24
Q

What layer does all cutaneous innervation of the scalp run?

A

2nd layer; dense connective tissue

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25
Explain the lymphatic drainage of the scalp
**No lymph nodes in the scalp** * All drainage occurs via lymphatic vessesl that come down and drain into nodes * Occipital nodes (back of head), Mastoid nodes (lateral side of head) , Pre-auricular/parotid (side of face), sub mental, sub mandibular.
26
What are the 5 artery/vein systems in the scalp?
1. Supratrochlear  2. Supra-orbital  3. Superficial temporal 4. Posterior Auricular  5. Occipital 
27
# Blood Vessels of the Scalp  Explain the supratrochlear artery/vein
* Comes up anterioly to the scalp from medial upper corner of eye | Branch from opthalmic artery
28
# Blood Vessels of the Scalp  Explain the Supra-orbital artery/vein
* Comes up anterioly to the scalp | Branch from opthalmic artery
29
# Blood Vessels of the Scalp  Explain the superficial temporal artery/vein
* BIG Terminal branches from ex. carotid * Comes up (laterally) and across the temporal region to the superior portion of the scalp
30
# Blood Vessels of the Scalp  Explain the posterior auricular artery/vein
* From ext. carotid artery * Pass behind ear and up posterior aspect of the scalp
31
# Blood Vessels of the Scalp  Explain the occipital artery/vein
* From ext. carotid artery * Pass to the posterior aspect of the scalp.
32
What 2 arteries of the scalp **come off the opthalmic artery** (derived from internal carotid artery)
1. Supratrochlear  2. Supra-orbital 
33
# Blood Vessels of the Scalp  What are the 4 main venous drainage of the scalp?
1. Cavernous Sinus  2. External Jugular v. (superficial) 3. Deep cervical v. 4. Vertebral v.
34
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face What are the 5 branches of the **opthalmic nerve (CN5 V1)** | Forehead, upper eyelids, dorsum of nose 
1. Supraorbital 2. Supratrochlear 3. Infratrochlear 4. Lacrimal  5. External Nasal  | Forehead, upper eyelids, dorsum of nose 
35
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face Explain the Supraorbital branch | Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1)
* Above the eye * Forhead
36
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face Explain the Supratrochlear branch | Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1)
* Corners of the eye.
37
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face Explain the Infratorchlear branch | Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1)
* Covers medial aspect of the bridge of the nose
38
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face Explain the lacrimal branch | Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1)
* Comes lateral and covers the top edge of the eyelid
39
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face Explain the external nasal branch | Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1)
* comes down through the nose **Dorsum of the nose** (bridge)
40
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face Explain where the **Opthalmic nerve** *originates* from and where it **passes through to leave**
**Originates:** Trigeminal ganglion **Exits via:** Superior orbital fissue
41
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face What are the 2 branches of the **maxillary nerve (CN5 V2)** | Skin over the upper cheek, lower eyelid, lateral nose, upper lip
1. Zygomaticotemporal 2. Infraorbital  | Skin over the upper cheek, **lower eyelid** lateral nose, upper lip
42
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face Explain the Infra-orbital branch | Maxillary Nerve (CN V2)
* Big branch * Spreads out once it exits ganglion * Lateral aspect nose * Across upper lip * Lower eyelid * Across zygomatic process (cheek bones) *meets zygomaticfacial nerve*
43
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face Explain the zygomaticotemporal branch | Maxillary Nerve (CN V2)
* comes up the lateral potion of the head
44
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face Explain where the **Maxillary nerve** *originates* from and where it **passes through to leave**
**Originates:** Trigeminal ganglion **Exits via:** foramen rotundum
45
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face What are the 3 branches of the **mandibular nerve (CN5 V3)** | Skin anterior to ear, posterior temporal region ## Footnote lower cheek, lower lip and chin 
1. Auriculotemopral 2. Buccal  3. Mental Skin anterior to ear, posterior temporal region, lower cheek, lower lip and chin 
46
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face Explain the Auriculotemporal branch | Mandibular Nerve (CN V3)
* Big nerve * Comes up the side of the temporal bone (same as artery)
47
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face Explain the buccal branch | Mandibular Nerve (CN V3)
* Side of the lower cheek inmouth
48
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face Explain the mental branch | Mandibular Nerve (CN V3)
* In mandible * comes out anteriorly via mental foramen * Covers the entire chin
49
# Cutaneous (Sensory) Nerves of the Face Explain where the **Mandibular nerve** *originates* from and where it **passes through to leave**
**Originates:** Trigeminal ganglion **Exits via:** foramen ovale
50
# Vasculature of the Face  What are the 3 external carotid branches that supply the face?
1. Maxillary artery (ant face, term branch) 2. Superficial temporal (side of head, term branch) 3. Facial artery (across mandible onto face)
51
# Vasculature of the Face  What are the 4 branches of the facial artery?
1. Inferior labial branch 2. Superior labial branch 3. Lateral nasal branch  4. Angular a.
52
# Facial Artery Branch Explain the inferior **labial branch** of the facial artery
* Supply the lower lip
53
# Facial Artery Branch Explain the **superior labial artery** branch of the facial artery
* Supplys the upper lip
54
# Facial Artery Branch Explain the **lateral nasal branch** of the facial artery
* Supply lateral aspect of nose
55
# Facial Artery Branch Explain the **angular branch** of the facial artery
* End artery * At angle of nose and eye
56
# Superficial Temporal Artery Branch Explain the **transverse facial artery** branch from the superficial temporal artert
* Comes across cheek and towards the nose
57
# Vasculature of Face Explain the 3 branches off the maxillary artery | **deep, off ext. carotid to medial aspect of face **
1. Infraobital a 2. Buccal a 3. Mental a
58
# Maxillary artery branch Explain the infra-orbital artery branch off the maxillary artery
* Under zygomatic arch * Exit via Infra-orbital foramen
59
# Maxillary artery branch Explain the buccal artery branch off the maxillary artery
* Come across cheek * Supply buccal region
60
# Maxillary artery branch Explain the mental artery branch off the maxillary artery
* Come down interior aspect of the mandible * Exits via mental foramen
61
# Vasculature of Face What main artery supplying the face comes of the internal carotid artery? Comes in through the eye
Opthalmic artery
62
# Vasculature of Face What are the**5 arterial** branches off of the **opthalmic artery** in the face? | C
1. Zygomaticofacial a.  2. Zygomaticotemporal a.   3. Doral nasal a.   4. Supraorbital a.   5. Supratrochlear a.  
63
# Opthalmic Artery Branch Explain the **zygomaticofacial branch** off the opthalmic artery
* Comes out lateral aspect of obicularis oculi muscle
64
# Opthalmic Artery Branch Explain the **zygomaticotmeporal branch** off the opthalmic artery
* Comes out lateral aspect of obicularis oculi muscle
65
# Opthalmic Artery Branch Explain the **Dorsal nasal branch** off the opthalmic artery
* Comes out over top of the nose.
66
# Opthalmic Artery Branch Explain the **Supraorbital branch** off the opthalmic artery
Above eye, toward superior scalp
67
# Opthalmic Artery Branch Explain the **Supratrochlear branch** off the opthalmic artery
Above eye, toward superior scalp
68
# Venous Drainage of Face Explain what veins connect and go back and emptys into the cavernous sinus
1. Facial Vein 2. Superior opthalmic vein **Communicate in medial cornery of the eye**
69
What is the significance of the cavernous sinus?
Blood from face can move back into the skull; lots of pressure and **cause infection to move back **into the sinus area and surround brain.
69
# Venous Drainage of Face Explain what veins connect and drain into the **pterygoid venous plexus** before going ot cavernous sinus
1. Facial vein 2. Deep facial vein Communicate and drain into **pterygoid venous plexus** (below cavernous sinus) then drain there.
70
Explain danger triangle of face
Creation of **pressue ex. via popping pimples** can push superficial face infection back via veins **into the cavernous sinus** and infection can spread to brain.
71
What are 3 main lymphatic drainage nodes of face?
**1. Submental** (chin, lower lip , incisors) **2. Submandibular** (Side of nose, cheek, jaw) **3. Pre-auricular/Parotid** (Under eye, side of head, parotid gland
72
What artery Follows the same path as the submandibular nodes?
Facial artery
73
# Muscles of Facial Expression  What are the **2 muscles** of the **orbital group** and what is main idea?
1. Orbicular Oculi 2. Corrigator Supercilii **Muscles around eye and center**
74
# Muscles of Orbital Group Explain the Orbicular Oculi muscle (parts & function)
**Closes the eyelid** * *Orbital Part*; closes eye forcefully; produces wrinkles in forhead. * *Palpebral Part*; normal eyelid closure
75
# Muscles of Orbital Group Explain the **Corrugator supercillli muscle** (parts & function)
* Deeper * Angled * Draws eyebrow to midline **angry face**
76
# Muscles of Facial Expression  What muscle forms verticle wrinkles in bewteen eyebrows when contracted?
Corrugator Supercilli muscle
77
# Muscles of Facial Expression  What are the **3 muscles** of the **Nasal group**
1. Nasalis 2. Procerus 3. Depressor septi Nasi
78
# Muscles of Nasal Group Explain the **Nasalis muscle** (parts & function)
**Flare the nares; nostrils** * *Transverse Part*; compress the nares * *Alar Part*; open nares
79
# Muscles of Nasal Group Explain the **Procerus muscle** (parts & function)
* Btwn brows * Draws medial boarder of eyebrown downward
80
# Muscles of Nasal Group Explain the **Depressor septi nasi** muscle (parts & function)
* Attch to **upper septum** of nose & **top of lip** * Assit in widening nares * Pull nose inferiorly
81
# Muscles of Facial Expression What are the **2 muscles** of the **Oral group**
1. Obucularis oris 2. Buccinator
82
# Oral Group Muscles Explain the **Obicularis oris** muscle
* Big circular sphincter muscle * Around lips **Pursing Lips**
83
# Oral Group Muscles Explain the **Buccinator** muscle
* Across lateral side of cheeks * Keeps **cheeks tight/taut** against teeth * Aids mastication; prevent food from accumulating btwn teeth and cheeks * Assit in forceful expulsion of air from cheeks
84
# Muscles of Facial Expression  What are the **3 muscles** of the **Lower Group Oral Muscles**  | FROWN!
1. Depressor anguli oris 2. Depressor labii inferioris 3. Mentalis
85
# Lower Group Oral Muscles  Explain the **Depressor anguli oris** muscle
* depresses the corners of the mouth  **frowny face**
86
# Lower group oral muscle Explain the **Depressor labii inferioris** muscle
* depresses lower lip and moves it laterally * Medial aspect of lip **pouty face, lip flipped down**
87
# Lower Group Oral Muscles  Explain the **mentalis** muscle
* raises and protrudes the lower lip * wrinkles the skin of the chin 
88
# Muscles of Facial Expression What are the **4 muscles** of the **Upper Group Oral Muscles**
1. Risorius 2. Zygomaticus Major & Minor 3. Levator labii superioris 4. Levator anguli oris | SMILE!
89
# Upper Group Oral Muscles  Explain the **Risorius** muscle
* Corners of mouth laterally & upward * Contraction= **pull up corner of mouth laterally superiorly**
90
# Upper Group Oral Muscles  Explain the **Zygomaticus Major/Minor** muscle
* Attach to zygomatic arch * Minor(medial on lip ) Major (lateral on lip) * Raise corners of mouth & help smile
91
# Upper Group Oral Muscles  Explain the **Levatro Labii superiorus** muscle
* Next to nose from eye and down to upper lip * **Raise upper lip** * Creates nasiolabial furrow when smile
92
# Upper Group Oral Muscles  Explain the **Levator anguli oris** muscle
* **Deepest** * More to angel of mouth * Help increase furrow, elevates angle of mouth
93
What 2 muscles of the upper oral muscles form the **nasolabial furrow**?
1. Levatro labii superioris 2. Levator anguli Oris
94
Explain the 3 auricular muscles
1. Anterior (pull ear up and forward) 2. Superior (elevate ear) 3. Posterior (pull ear back and up)
95
Where is the parotid gland located? | **largest salivary gland**
* Anterior to the ear * across angel of the mandible * superficial to the massater muscle.
96
From parotid gland, runs ~1cm below zygomatic arch, **pierces buccinator m**. and opens inside the cheek near **2nd maxillary molar** allow **salivary secretions** into the mouth.
Parotid Duct
97
The * retromandibular vein * external carotid arterys * Facial Nerve CN7 * Transverse facial artery/vein * Superfical & deep parotid nodes do what witht the parotid gland?
Run through it!
98
What supplys **parasympathetic** innervation to the parotid gland?
GLossopharyngeal CN 9 | General Visceral Efferent
99
Explain the path of the parasympathetic signals from the glossopharyngeal nerve CN9 to the parotid gland. 6 Steps
1. *CN 9 exits* **jugular foramen ** 2. *Tympanic br.* comes off, re-enters skull via **tymanic canaliculus** 3. Into **tympanic cavity (inner ear)**, on promontory of medial wall, helps form *tympanic plexus* 4. **Tympanic br. **Exits as **lesser petrosal n.** via *hiatus on ant. petrous ridge * 5. **Exits cranium** again via **foramen ovale** (usually) 6. Presynaptic fibers **synapse in Otic Ganglion** and **Post ganglion Visceral efferent **hitchhike on **Auriculotemporal n. (V3) to parotid gland**
100
How does the parotid gladn recieve **sympathetic innervation**?
postganglionic sympathetics from **superior cervical ganglion** form **external carotid plexus** on ECA (vasomotor)
101
What is the vasculature of the parotid gland? A/V
A= 1. Posterior auricular a./superficial temporal a. (ECA) V= 2. Retromandibular v.
102
What are the 5 main branches of the facial nevre CN 7 | **branches in the parotid gland**
1. Temporal 2. Zygomatic 3. Buccal 4. Marginal Mandibular 5. Cervical | Ten Zebras Bit My Coat (hand on face)
103
What do the facial nerve do?
Innervate the skeletal muscle of the face! Damage= loose ability to move muscle in face
104
# Upper – Temporofacial  (Facial Nerve branches) What are the 2 upper temporofacial branches of the facial nerve? + functions
1. **Temporal** (up to temporal bone) 2. **Zygomatic** (come acorss zygomatic bone)
105
# Upper – Cervicofacial  (Facial Nerve branches) What are the **3 lower cervicofacial** branches of the facial nerve? + functions
1. Bucal (across cheek) 2. Marginal Mandibular (across mandible) 3. Cervical (upper neck)
106
# Other Facial Nerve Branches what are the 2 other posterior branches of the facial nerve?
1. Posterior auricular (behind ear) 2. Digastric (behind digastric msucle)
107
# What muscle not working? Eyelid droop
Orbital group loose fxn
108
# What muscle not working? Mouth droop
Upper group of oral muscles loose fxn
109
# What muscle not working? Unable to close eyelids
Obicularis Oculi | (cant close eye)
110
# What muscle not working? Food/Saliva falls out of mouth, Chewing is inefficient
Buccinator
111
# Symptoms of what? Eyelid droop Mouth droop Unable to close eyelids Food/saliva falls out of mouth  Chewing is inefficient Atrophy of facial expression muscles Facial muscle asymmetry Sounds may appear louder
Bell's palsy

ANT 1001 Lecture (16 decks)

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