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Medicine Year 2 > Scenario 22 > Flashcards

Scenario 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What is normal birth weight?

A

> 2.5kg

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2
Q

What is normal birth weight?

A

> 2.5kg

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3
Q

What is very and extremely low birth weight?

A
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4
Q

What weight is a micro premie?

A
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5
Q

What is the definition of small for gestational age infants?

A
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6
Q

Possible causes for SGA infants

A

Maternal factors (stature, nitrition, illness, smoking, drugs), fetal factors (chromosomal abnormalities, disorders), medications, placental and uterine abnormalities, PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY

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7
Q

What are the clinical problems for SGA neonates?

A

IUD, perinatal mortality, asyphyxia, hypoxia, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia, GI perforation, immunodeficiency

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8
Q

What affects growth in mid childhood?

A

GH, IGF1, thyroxine

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9
Q

What affects growth in mid childhood?

A

GH, IGF1, thyroxine

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10
Q

What is very and extremely low birth weight?

A
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11
Q

What weight is a micro premie?

A
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12
Q

What is the definition of small for gestational age infants?

A
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13
Q

Possible causes for SGA infants

A

Maternal factors (stature, nitrition, illness, smoking, drugs), fetal factors (chromosomal abnormalities, disorders), medications, placental and uterine abnormalities, PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of the menopause?

A

Atrophic conditions, osteoporosis, vasomotor symptoms, atherosclerosis and CVD, emotional changes, change in fat distribution

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15
Q

What affects growth in infancy?

A

nutrition, insulin, IGFs

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16
Q

What affects growth in mid childhood?

A

GH, IGF1, thyroxine

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17
Q

How does the combined pill work?

A

Suppress FSH release, stabilises endometrium, potentiates the action of progesterones, suppresses LH, thickens cervical mucus, produces unresponsive endometrium, affects secretion and peristalsis in fallopian tubes

18
Q

Why does the hormonal system for puberty switch on?

A

Hypothalamic changes which cause steroids to be released from the gonads

19
Q

Why do females chance of pregnancy decrease?

A

all oogonia enter meiosis but stop at meiosis I and now have to complete 2 different divisions 1 at ovulation 1 at fertilisation

20
Q

Why does male fertility not decrease as much?

A

continuous sperm production then enter meiosis when necessary

21
Q

What happens in the menopause?

A

No oocytes, no follicles, no oestradiol then an oestrogen deficiency state.

22
Q

What are the symptoms of the menopause?

A

Atrophic conditions, osteoporosis, vasomotor symptoms, atherosclerosis and CVD, emotional changes, change in fat distribution

23
Q

What is the pearl index

A

how effective the methods are (total accidental pregnanciesx1200/total months of exposure

24
Q

What are the components of the combined hormonal contraceptive?

A

ethinyl oestradiol and progesterone

25
Q

How does the combined pill work?

A

Suppress FSH release, stabilises endometrium, potentiates the action of progesterones, suppresses LH, thickens cervical mucus, produces unresponsive endometrium, affects secretion and peristalsis in fallopian tubes

26
Q

What are the situations where the combined pill shouldnt be used?

A

Smokers >35, hypertension, liver disease, history of VTE, BMI >40

27
Q

Advantages of combined pill

A

Decreases menstrual problems, can change cycle, decrease ovarian and endometrial cancer

28
Q

Disadvantages of combined pill

A

Very small increase in VTE, stroke, MI, cervical cancer

29
Q

How does the progesterone only pill work?

A

Thickens cervical mucus and has a variable effect on ovulation

30
Q

What are the advantages of the progesterone only pill?

A

Can be used when the other pill cant

31
Q

What are the lifestyle changes used in menopause?

A

Lubricant , alpha 2 agonist (hot flushes), beta blockers, SSRIs, gabaprentin

32
Q

How does the Mirena call work?

A

Thicken cervical mucus, thins endometrium

33
Q

How does EllaOne work?

A

Prevents implantation or ovulation (up to 5 days after)

34
Q

How long do you have to take Levonelle?

A

72 hours

35
Q

How do you define the menopause?

A

1 year of amenorrhoea, high FSH >30, low oestrodiol

36
Q

What happens to hormone levels in climacteric?

A

oocytes decrease, oestrogen decrease, FSH increases (no negative feedback)

37
Q

What are the symptoms of low oestrogen?

A

Hot flush, headaches, palpitations, leg cramps, reduced libido, osteoporosis, CVD

38
Q

What are the hormonal treatments for menopause

A

oestrogen and progesterone (protect endometrium), testosterone

39
Q

What are the lifestyle changes used in menopause?

A

Lubricant , alpha 2 agonist (hot flushes), beta blockers, SSRIs, gabaprentin

40
Q

What are the risks of hormone replacement therapy?

A

Breast and endometrial cancer

41
Q

What are the benefits of hormone replacement therapy?

A

protects bones, reduced colorectal cancer, protect against CVD

Medicine Year 2 (19 decks)

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