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aqa psychology > schizophrenia > Flashcards

schizophrenia Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

5 types of symptoms

A
  • behavioural
  • social
  • perceptual
  • affective\emotional
  • cognitive
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2
Q

eg of perceptual symptom

A

hallucinations (auditory)

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3
Q

eg of social symptoms

A

social withdrawal - not taking part \ enjoing

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4
Q

eg of cognitive symptoms

A

delusions

language imparments

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5
Q

types of delusions

A

delusions of grandeur (belive youre more important thet what you are)
of paranoia
of persecuton
of control

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6
Q

types of language imparments

A 
irrelevant\ incoherent speech
cognitive distractibility (can't mantain focus)
echolalia (repeat sounds other say)
speak nonsense
in nonsensical rhymes
invert words
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7
Q

types of delusions of control

A

thought insertion
thought withdrawal
thought broadcasting

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8
Q

what is DSM

A

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

list of mental health disorders, symptoms , how long

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9
Q

dsm should increase

A

reliability, same diagnosis
validity, -descriptive, how similar individuals diagnosted
-aetiological how similar causes are
-predictive, how useful in order to prescribe treatments

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10
Q

dsm to diagnose schizophrenia

A 
1 of
-delusions
-hallucinations
-disorganised speech
another one of
-disorganised or catatonic behaviour
-any negative symptoms
for at least 6 months and one month of positive symptoms.
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11
Q

eg of affective \ emotional symptoms

A

avolition (lose motivation)
lack of interest of hygiene and personal care
lack of emotions
inappropriate emotions

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12
Q

eg of behavioural symptoms

A

stereotyped behaviour - repeat actions (strange actions)
-psychomotor disturbance, not control muscles , catatonia , stay in position they’re put in, catatonic stupor (conscious and remember)

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13
Q

problems in reliability of diagnosis

A

cultural bias

gender bias

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14
Q

research in cultural bias in diagnosis

A

harriston et al
over diagnosis of weast indian patients in bristol
copeland et al, same patient 69% americans vs 2% uk

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15
Q

research in gender bias in diagnosis

A

290 psychiatrist, same symptoms, if patient male 56% if female 20%, not as clear if pratictioner was a woman

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16
Q

problems, research in validity of diagnosis

A
  • rosenhan pseudopatients, symptoms still seen

- symptoms overlap, present in other disorders, like avolition in depression

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17
Q

problem with validity and reliability in diagnosis

A

comorbidity, having 2 or more condition at the same time, difficult to diagnose as distinct (espetially schizophrenia), may be 2 but 1 not recognised yet

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18
Q

introduction schizophrenia

A

no agreed definition

  • thought process disoder
  • disruption of perceptions, emotions, beliefs
  • acute or chronic
  • 0.5% ppn
  • thought to have subtypes
  • m and f equally affected, m usually in early 20 f 4\5years later
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19
Q

explanation of schizophrenia biological factors

A
  • genetic factors
  • biochemical factors
  • neurological factors
  • evolutionary explanation
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20
Q

genetic explanation and research

Study These Flashcards
A

-inhereted
-genetically related, increased chances of developing
-several genes that increase vulnerability
research : gottesman 40 twin studies mz:48% conc.
dz:17% , same amount of shared env,reason must be genetic difference

21
Q

evaluation genetic explanation

Study These Flashcards
A

shields mz in different families 50% conc
adoption studies biological parents schizophrenic, same chances of developing it
- no 100%, other factors
- concordance higher bc of shared env, children imitate behaviour

22
Q

biochemical factors to explain schizophrenia

Study These Flashcards
A

dopamine hypothesis

-post-mortem and per scans show high level of dopamine

23
Q

evaluation of biochemical factors

Study These Flashcards
A

positive: - antipsychotic, block dopamine receptors and reduce symptoms
- amphetamines increase dopamine activity, schizophrenia like behaviours
negatoive: antipsychotic work only with positive symptoms
- correaltional

24
Q

neurological factors explain schizophrenia

Study These Flashcards
A

abnormal brain structure

25
evaluation neurological factors
positive - jhonstone et al compared ventricles and found enlarged ventricles,link to reduction of temporal and frontal lobe - MRI scans found abnormalities in prefrontal cortex - pl without schizophrenia can have enlarged ventricles - correlational
26
explanation of schizophrenia, psychological factors
- family dysfunction | - socio-cultural factors
27
family dysfunction
- high levels of interpersonal conflict - excessive critical parents - controlling children too much - contradictions - expressed emotions linked to relapse
28
evaluation family dysfunction
lidz et al found that dysfunctions like distant parents can lead to stress that can lead to schizophrenia - ignores biological evidence - blame family and parents - studies are retrospective, the disease might have disrupted the family
29
socio-cultural factors
social causation hypothesis, low social status more likely - poverty - discrimination - high stress level
30
evaluation social causation hypothesis
harriston et al pl born in deprived areas more likely to develop schizophrenia correlational, social drift hypothesis
31
explanation of schizophrenia biological and psychological factors
diathesis- stress model biological - reductionist biological vulnerability + social\environmental stressor gives schizophrenia
32
evaluation diathesis stress model
research support | backs up genetic link that is not 100%
33
what drugs does the drug therapy use? what do they do?
-neuroleptics and antipsychotics to block dopamine receptors
34
what are the 2 type of antipsychotic how do they differ
``` typical - 1950s -less used -positive symptoms only -severe side effects atypical -1970 -act on dopamine and serotonine -positive and negative symptoms -severe side effects ```
35
drug therapy evaluation
positive -successful, more ppl live in society -most used and effective -almost all other treatments use drugs along side negative - not very effective with negative symptoms -ethical issue ' chemical straitjacket' -most ppl short-time side effects -long time diabetes and tardive dyskinesia -2\3 stop bc of side effects -treat symp not cause 'revolving door phenomenon'
36
what is the issue chemical straitjacket?
doesn't help the patient, just controls behaviour
37
what is tardive dyskinesia
involuntary movement
38
list the psychological therapies
token economies family therapy cognitive behaviour therapy
39
outline family therapy
``` identify and change faulty conditions -can use elli's ABC model -reality test -challenge beliefs -see consequences -positive self talk gradually realise where faults are in thought patterns and change them ```
40
research in cognitive behaviour therapy
chadwick - studied Nigel - special powers to predict what ppl were about to say - 50 tapes - didn't predict any - conclude he had no special power
41
evaluation cognitive behaviour therapy
``` positive -found effective when drug therapy wasn't -helps negative and positive symptoms -improvements 9 months after therapy -patient in charge of own treatments negative -treat symptoms not cause -effectiveness difficult to measure, based on subjective views -can become dependent on therapist -intensive, not good for severe symptoms -individual differences ```
42
family therapy outline
reduce conflict and high emotions | sometimes along with drugs
43
evaluation family therapy
positive -pilling et all found a reduced rate of readmission -useful for lack insight in own condition or can't explain thoughts negative -informed consent might be difficult -family needs to be engaged and open to changes
44
outline token economies
based on operant conditioning used in psychiatric institutions socially desirable behaviours rewarded
45
research in token economies
ayllon and azzin 45 females in a psychiatric unit showed massive improvement
46
evaluation token economies
``` positive -significant improvement -helpful for chronic institutionalised ,lose motivation and care of them selves -Paul and Lentz found a greater improvement than hospitalisation negative -no high ecological validity -behaviour might be superficial -ethical issue, doesn't help the patient ```
47
psychological and biological approach
interactionist approach \ biopsychosocial approach -hlistic -combination of biological, behavioural and cognitive approach biological is too simplistic, used along side
48
evaluation interactionist approach
``` positive -none work exclusively -psychological therapy manages behavioural symptoms negative -complicate and time consuming -difficult to know which one is working -severe symptoms, lower willingness to try new things -has to be appropriate and flexible ```

aqa psychology (8 decks)

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