evaluation and research Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
evaluation\research in behavioural approach to EXPLAIN phobias strengths
A
- Watson and Rayner, little Albert, 11 months old, white fluffy objects and rat associated with loud scary noise, developed a phobia.
- di Gallo 20% ppl that make car accidents develop phobia and avoid travelling by car (cc and oc)
- effective therapies
2
Q
evaluation\research on treating phobias strengths
A
- ost et al 90% reduced anxiety of specific phobia after first session of flooding
- Wolpe forced a girl with car phobias into a car and dived for hours until phobia was extinguished
- brosnan found systematic desensitisation effective in technophobia
3
Q
reliability in diagnosing shizophrenia (one research)
A
-beck 1962 sodenberg 2005 concordance diagnosis 54% to 81%
4
Q
cultural bias in diagnosing shizophrenia
A
- harriston et all found a over diagnosis of West Indians patients in Bristol
- copeland found the same patient being diagnosed with schizophrenia 69% if practitioner American and 2% if British
5
Q
gender bias in diagnosing schizophrenia
A
-loring and Powell found that 290 psychiatrist diagnosing same symptoms diagnosed 56% if male and 20% if female
not as clear with female practitioner
6
Q
validity in diagnosing schizophrenia
A
- rosenhan found that symptoms were still seen in pseudo patients in a psychiatric unit - labelled
- symptoms overlap
7
Q
evaluation\research in behavioural approach to phobias weaknesses
A
- Davey only 7% spider phobia recalled traumatic event with spider, there must be another explanation.
8
Q
evaluation\research on treating phobias weaknesses
A
- flooding unethical, only if in good physical health
- is imagination applicable in vivo?
- works better with simple phobias
9
Q
treating depression stenghts
A
- most effective
- David et al ppt treated with REBT compared to treated with drugs after 6 months and found better outcomes
- patient in charge works out self help strategies
10
Q
treating depression weaknesses
A
- derubeis et all may only be effective with trained practitioner
- patient can become dependent of therapist
- needs verbal skills and to be able to speak about inner feelings
11
Q
cognitive approach to explain depression strengths
A
- beevers et all 27 females depression measured high or low 3 stimuli sad happy or neutral face different brain action when sad
- saisto pregnant - neg thinking no chance personal goals, depression more likely
- considers thoughts and beliefs
- treatment is successful
12
Q
cognitive approach to depression weaknesses
A
- faulty thinking can be a consequence (chemical imbalance)
- less success in manic bipolar disorder
- ignores genetic explanation of inherited depression
and behavioural explanation supported by Coleman
13
Q
genetic explanation of schizophrenia strengths
A
- gottesman 40 twin studies 48% mz 17% dz concordance (same shared environment)
- shields mz in different families 50%
- adoption studies support
14
Q
genetic explanation of schizophrenia weaknesses
A
- no 100% concordance
- socially sensitive
- shared environment in family studies
- other explanations ignored
15
Q
biochemical factors to explain schizophrenia strengths
A
- antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and reduce symptoms
- amphetamines increase dopamine receptors activity and cause schizophrenia like symptoms in ppl without schizophrenia
- iversen found excess dopamine in post mortem study
16
Q
biochemical factors to explain schizophrenia weaknesses
A
- antipsychotics only work for positive symptoms
- correlational
- Lloyd suggested that abnormal family circumstances lead to high dopamine levels and trigger schizophrenia symptoms
17
Q
evolutionary explanation of schizophrenia evaluation
A
- strong genetic link there must be an evolutionary explanation
- little evidence, difficult to prove
18
Q
neurological factors to explain schizophrenia strengths
A
- Johnstone found enlarged ventricles and suggested link to a reduction of temporal and frontal lobe
- tilo found with fmri a negative correlation between suffers and activation of wernicke’s area (coherent speech)
19
Q
neurological factors to explain schizophrenia weaknesses
A
- also ppl without schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles and not all schizophrenia suffers have
- correlational
20
Q
family dysfunction to explain schizophrenia strengths
A
- Tienari studied adopted children with biological mother with schizophrenia, if adopted by healthy families= 5.8% development in dysfunctional families= 36.8%
- patino 7 problems associated eg child abuse found in migrants that at least 3/7 were 4 times more likely to develop schizophrenia
21
Q
family dysfunction to explain schizophrenia weaknesses
A
- ignores biological causes
- blame family and parents
- studies retrospective could be the condition that disrupted the family
22
Q
cognitive explanation of schizophrenia strengths
A
- neufeld compared cognitive processes of schizophrenia suffers with control group, schizophrenic took longer to encode stimuli and solve sum problems
- Meyer Lindenberg et all ppl with schizophrenia do worst in memory and reasoning tasks
23
Q
cognitive explanation of schizophrenia weaknesses
A
- could be caused by high dopamine, symptom not cause
- doesn’t fully explain, might need a link with biological explanation
24
Q
socio cultural factors to explain schizophrenia strengths
A
Harrison et al found that ppl in deprived areas are more likely to develop it
25
socio cultural factors to explain schizophrenia weaknesses
correlational, social drift hypothese, live in deprived area because the dysfunction gives them a lower social status.
26
drug therapy for schizophrenia strengths
- successful, more ppl live in society
- most used and effective
- almost all other treatments use drugs along side
- Davis 100 studies found that antipsychotic are better than placebo 70%
- marder atypical effective when typical wasn't
27
drug therapy for schizophrenia weaknesses
- not very effective with negative symptoms
- ethical issue ' chemical straitjacket'
- most ppl short-time side effects
- long time diabetes and tardive dyskinesia
- Liberman 3/4 stops bc of side effects, in typical mostly muscular disorder in atypical mostly weight gain -treat symp not cause 'revolving door phenomenon'
28
what is revolving door phenomenon
patient constantly discharged and readmitted to hospital
29
what is the chemical issue chemical straight jaket
doesn't help the patient but controls behaviour
30
genetic explanation of ocd strengths
- Davis compared whole genome of ocd suffers and Tourette syndrome suffers and found a genetic correlation for both but with different gene architecture therefore they are distinct disorders
- tanag et all used dog, have a similar ocd and identifying gene is easier found a particular gene variation
- billet mz 68% dz 32% correlation
31
genetic explanation of ocd weaknesses
no 100% correlation in twin studies
32
neural explanation of ocd strengths
- Hu found lower serotonin levels in ocd suffers
-ssri drugs increase serotonin and reduce symptoms 50%\ 60% of cases
-
33
neural explanation of ocd weaknesses
dosent show cause and effect
| -ssri aren't 100% effective, must be another explanation
34
drug therapy for ocd strengths
- ciccerone
| - Julien found that ssri enabled a normal life style most of cases
35
drug therapy for ocd weaknesses ssri
- 50% don't improve and 90% that improve relapse when stop taking
- don't cure but suppress symptoms
- side effects eg headache nausea
- can create addiction
36
cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia strengths
- chadwick - studied Nigel, special powers to predict what ppl were about to say, 50 tapes,didn't predict any, conclude he had no special power
- Sensky found effective when drug therapy wasn't
- helps negative and positive symptoms
- improvements 9 months after therapy
- patient in charge of own treatments
37
cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia weaknesses
- treat symptoms not cause
- effectiveness difficult to measure, based on subjective views
- can become dependent on therapist
- intensive, not good for severe symptoms
- individual differences
38
family therapy for schizophrenia strengths
- pilling et all found a reduced rate of readmission
- useful for lack insight in own condition or can't explain thoughts
- Chinese study, comparison between drug therapy and drug + family, relapse halved in combined treatment
39
family therapy for schizophrenia weaknesses
- informed consent might be difficult
| - family needs to be engaged and open to changes
40
token economies to explain schizophrenia strengths
- ayllon and azzin 45 females in a psychiatric unit showed massive improvement-significant improvement
- helpful for chronic institutionalised ,lose motivation and care of them selves
- Paul and Lentz found a greater improvement than hospitalisation
41
token economies to explain schizophrenia weaknesses
- no high ecological validity
- behaviour might be superficial
- ethical issue, doesn't help the patient
42
research in sex-roles stereotypes
Seavey et al 3-months-old introduced as :
girl
boy
a baby
-pps behaviour were different
-used sex-stereotyped toys (doll for girls)
43
atypical gender development explanation research:
- Gladue few if any hormonal differences between transsexual heterosexual and homosexual
- Rekers evidence for social factors
- Hare positive correlation between transexuals and variants of androgen receptors gene.
44
researchers that found that high androgyny is advantageous in society
Taylor and hall
45
biological influences on gender weaknesses
hyde meta analyses very small or no difference in male and female psychology
46
research in oxytocin influencing gender
- rimmelle fund that male ppt with increased serotonin had an improved facial recognition but same non-social recognition
- van Lengoed injected antagonist of oxytocin in female rats, showed a delay in maternal behaviour
47
kolberg's theory of gender development positive
- Thompson 3 yo more likely than 2 to know their gender
- slaby and frey studied 2 to 6 yo children and results whew consistent with theory
when watching videos of man or woman children at later stages paid more attention to own gender, earlier stages didn't
- Munroe found same stages in different cultures
48
kolbergs's theory of gender development negative
slaby and Frey found gender constancy before 6 yo
| boys more likely than girls to pay more attention to video of own gender figure-- isn't explained
49
gender schema theory who proposed it
Martin and halverson
50
gender schema theory of gender development positive
- bradbard children more likely to play with unfamiliar toys described for their own gender
- Martin anf halverson children more likely to take info that fits with their schema, drawings of male and female doing a stereotyped activity or the opposite sex stereotypical activity, children more likely to remember the ones that matched
51
gender schema theory of gender development negative
- Campbell children awareness of gender (gender schema) has no effect on stereotypical behaviour
- Alexander simultaneously showed male or female stereotypical toy to 3-8 months old infants, looked more at the matching, preference for stereotypical toys before 3 years old.
52
psychodynamic explanation of gender positive
- freud little Hans
- wiszewska woman who had a close relationship with father as children were attracted to man physically similar to father
53
psychodynamic explanation of gender negative
- kirkpatrick found no difference between children raised in homosexual and heterosexual parents
- non scientific, doesn't use empirical methods, subjective, based on unconscious therefore unfalsifiable
54
research in testosterone
money and ehrhardt girls with mother that took testosterone drugs during pregnancy exhibited male type behaviour
55
lymbic system to explain aggression strengths
- case of Charles Whitman killed 14 innocents his autopsy showed a temporal lobe tumor pressing on amygdala
- mpakopoulou patients before and after amygdalotomy showed 33 to 100% decreased aggression
56
serotonin to explain aggression evaluation
- Higley studied rhesus monkeys foe 4 years and found that the ones with lower serotonin levels were the most aggressive
- animal study can't generalise and no informed consent
- moller studied health males which showed increased aggression after 5/6 hours after an amino acids shake tryptophan-free
57
slt for gender, research in parents influence
block boys positive reinforced male behaviours and girls female behaviour
- smith found no correlation between stereotyped parents and 1-2yo stereotyped behaviour
58
slt to gender influence of peers
archer and Lloyd 3yo playing opposite gender games were ridiculised
59
stl to explain gender media influence
williams, natural experiment for 2 years
introduction of tv into a town, gradually increased stereotypes
- can be used to downplay stereotypes
60
stl to explain gender cultural differences
- whiting observed children in Mexico usa Japan India Philippines kenia and found a behaviour similar to western cultures
girls = more caring
boys = more aggressive
- mead studied 3 tribes in New Guinea, each had a different role for man and woman
- Katz studied 80 culture and found that in 90% the main responsibility of woman is childcare
legal suggests that childcare determinate gender activities
61
sensory register evaluation
positive
coding and duration
- crowder retains info, if iconic for milliseconds if echoic for 2\3 sec
capacity
-sperling grid of letters for 1\20 sec, one row well recalled quickly after
62
stm evaluation
coding and duration
-peterson and Peterson rehearsal prevented less than 18 sec=90% recall
capacity
-miller found chunking
63
Ltm evaluation
coding and duration
-bahrick year book 15 years= 90% 48 years= 70-80%
capacity
-anoknin potential number of connection in human brain no human uses all fo it
64
stm ltm reseach
baddeley four lists
65
episodic ltm evaluation
-tulving frontal lobes= episodic
| posterior cortex= semantic
66
semantic ltm reseach
-CL case study 8yo girl not episodic yes semantic
| brain damage
67
procedural ltm evaluation
Pm case study professional cellist brain damage no semantic yes procedural
68
central executive evaluation
- baddeley generate random numbers and switching between letters and number on keyboard - don't do well
- d'esposito fmri when using verbal AND spatial prefrontal cortex is activated
69
visuo spatial sketchpad evaluaiton
-logie found visual cache and inner scribe
70
phonological loop evaluation
- KF case study can recall info given visually but not verbally
- baddeley interference task verbally acoustically or acoustically acoustically
71
multi sore model evaluation
```
positive
-primacy and recency effect
-korsakoff syndrome, damage ltm
negative
-oversimplified
-rehearsal needed
```
72
forgetting interference theory evaluation positive
- Schmidt name of street in a map, positive correlation with the number of streets forgotten and the number of times participant moved. (retroactive interference)
- baddeley snd hitch rugby player compared interference with trace decay theory, number of games played.
73
forgetting interference theory evaluation negative
only similar info
| why not how, biological or cognitive process
74
forgetting cue dependent theory
```
context dependent
- abernethy teacher room
- godden and baddeley underwater
cue dependent
- overton drunk or sober
```
75
forgetting repression evaluation
- williams 1\2 don't recall child abuse
76
eyewitness testimony influence of schemas
- barlett war of ghosts was changed to adapt to western schemas
77
eyewitness testimony misleading information
- loftus and palmer contacted bumped hit smashed velocity increased with intensity of the question
- did u see any broken glass
- loftus and pickrell lost in the mall , 29% recalled a false memory
78
eyewitness testimony anxiety evaluation
- Loftus pen and knife, weapon effect
79
cognitive interview evaluation
- geiselman four it more precise and better after a short time
- enhanced ci for children or learning difficulties
- needs a trained interviewer
- is time consuming
80
co morbidity in schizophrenia research
sim 32% hospitalised with schizophrenia had an additional disorder
81
who proposed the learning theory for attachment
dollar and miller
