Scientific Revolution And Enlightment (unit 5)

Question 1

Scientific Revolution

Answer 1

Funded from ideas started in the Middle Ages, observed nature and changed ideas on math/science. Replaced god-centric ideas with data based ideas. Saw math as basis of world.

Question 2

Geocentric

Answer 2

also known as Ptolemaic theory, the idea that the earth is at center and everything moves around us in spheres. Also that it is finite with god/heaven at other end.

Question 3

Heliocentric

Answer 3

By Copernicus, the idea that our system was centered around the sun. Giving a more simplistic view compared to Geocentric.

Question 4

Hermeticism

Answer 4

Renaissance magic and the idea that we are divine. That we can use magic and math to take power over nature.

Question 5

Empiricism

Answer 5

Science that was based on data and observations which lead to conceptions, then new deductions which can verify observations. It’s the combination of deductive and inductive reasoning. Answering why something is the way it is.

Question 6

Rationalism

Answer 6

Doubt everything so use human reasoning to figure out world because it is a huge machine. Simple facts to complex ideas.

Question 7

Scientific method

Answer 7

Suggested by Francis Bacon because he believed are foundations were wrong. Use inductive reasoning from observations and experiments to explain world, not assumptions.

Question 8

Cartesian Dualism

Answer 8

From Descartes the idea that mind and body are separate because you can doubt the body but not the mind.

Question 9

Enlightenment

Answer 9

Finding your own reason and intelligence not from a guiding hand. (Man’s leaving his own self caused immaturity) (Kant). Applied rational thinking from scientific Revolution to society

Question 10

Skepticism

Answer 10

Movement during this time to question and doubt everything

Question 11

Cultural Relativism

Answer 11

Looking at other cultures and using that POV to regard and criticize your own

Question 12

Philosophes

Answer 12

Starting in France (that was capital) but accounting for many other people in Europe, a group of intellectuals/journalists/ reformers who wanted to change the world through reason.

Question 13

Deism

Answer 13

Religious outlook based on newton’s ideas of a mechanical world were a mechanic (god) created everything but didn’t play an active role, everything was up to natural laws.

Question 14

Laissez faire

Answer 14

Government should have nothing to do with economy (Hume and smith)

Question 15

Social contract

Answer 15

By Rousseau said that society is governed by will of all, was basis for complete democracy.

Question 16

Romanticism

Answer 16

A balance of mind and heart

Question 17

Salons

Answer 17

In France, run by women allowing them to have an influence over things, was great minds meeting to discuss things

Question 18

Neoclassicism

Answer 18

In France, back to simplicity of classics instead of grandeur. Emphasis on moral seriousness and honor.

Question 19

Rococo

Answer 19

1730s in France, grace and gentil after Louis XIV died. Lots of delicate contours, love and life. Also used rounded architecture.
Artist: Antoine Walleau

Question 20

Pogrom

Answer 20

Jewish communities looted and massacred

Question 21

Ashkenazic Jews

Answer 21

Largest group of Jews, most despised religious group

Question 22

Sephardic Jews

Answer 22

Another large group who moved around a lot. Went to Turkish lands and were able to get bank jobs but still separated.

Question 23

Pietism

Answer 23

Church life is more private and small

Question 24

John Wesley

Answer 24

Started Methodism with lots of emotion and religious experience. Appealing to lower class and separated from Anglican Church.

Question 25

Count Nikolaus Von Zinzendorf

Answer 25

Spread pietism in German states and preached the idea and religion was all about your personal experience with god.

Question 26

Enlightenment absolutism

Answer 26

Rulers took ideas of philosophes and natural rights into gov’t. More religious tolerance, free press and property.

Question 27

Frederick II (the great)

Answer 27

Enlightenment absolutist in Prussia, considered most cultured king. Used military against Austria (Silesia in Austrian succession war which lead to 7 years war) and kept up serfdom. More religious tolerance

Question 28

Louis XV

Answer 28

Really weak French king after Louis XIV and Cardinal Fleury. Influenced by ministers

Question 29

Catherine the great

Answer 29

Enlightenment absolutist in Russia, tried to create reforms but favored nobility so much it caused peasants to revolt. Did expand into Poland and create districts

Question 30

Joseph II

Answer 30

Enlightenment absolutist in Austria who understood king and people agreement. Tried to undo serfdom but alienated both nobles and peasants so reform was undone.

Question 31

Empress Maria Theresa

Answer 31

Austria, didn’t do reforms made state more centralized and bureaucratic to fight against Prussia. Son is Joseph II

Question 32

Balance of power

Answer 32

To make sure one country is not dominant over others

Question 33

Reason of state

Answer 33

A ruler looks beyond dynastic interests to interests of state long term

Question 34

Agriculture revolution

Answer 34

Different for all countries but included introduction of new crops, new tools and a system that used all fields at once.

Question 35

Enclosure acts

Answer 35

England, once open farm land become closed off and owned by land aristocracy

Question 36

Cottage industry

Answer 36

To produce cotton (in a family unit) men do the field work and women spin it

Question 37

House of Commons

Answer 37

Lower house, land gentry that could be elected from other land aristocracy

Question 38

House of Lords

Answer 38

Upper house that wasn’t elected, appointed for life and hereditary

Question 39

Patronage

Answer 39

In England and one’s support for being in the House of Commons/lords