Second Part Of Ex 1 Flashcards
(231 cards)
1
Q
What is portal venous congestion leading to portal HTN?
A
Esophageal varices
2
Q
What is the order of primary salivary gland pathologies. ?
A
- Parotid 2. Sublingual 3. Submandibular. Minor salivary glands
3
Q
______% of leukoplakia can turn to what?
A
25, squamous cell carcinoma
4
Q
Where is cholera most common?
A
India/Africa
5
Q
Pseudopolyps are associated with what?
A
Ulcerative colitis
6
Q
What kind of hiatal hernia is separate portion of the stomach protrudes, and is prone to strangulation or obstruction ? Q
A
Non axial ( rolling )
7
Q
What is tenesmus and what condition is it associated with ?
A
Sensation of inadequate BM, sigmoid diverticulitis
8
Q
Esophageal varices is secondary to what?
A
Cirrhosis
9
Q
What is twisting a loop of bowel ?
A
Volvulus
10
Q
External hemorrhoids =?
A
Below the anorectal line
11
Q
If an acquired diverticulum in the Colon becomes infected what can happen?
A
Perforation leading to hemorrhage
12
Q
What is excreted via salivary glands?
A
> 99% h20, IgA, enzymes
13
Q
What is multiple small shallow ulceration of the stomach/duodenum ?
A
Acute peptic ulceration
14
Q
What makes up the majorly of all parotid gland tumors?
A
Pleomorphic adenoma
15
Q
When antibiotics disrupt intestinal flora, this allows what to happen?
A
Clostridium diff to overgrow
16
Q
If herpes spreads to the brain what is it called? (Life threatening)
A
Herpesviral encephalitis (usually HSV-1)
17
Q
Superficial inflammation =?
A
Mucosal ulcerations
18
Q
What are symptoms of GERD?
A
Dysphasia, heartburn, “sour brash”
19
Q
Where is the most common site of tumors in the small intestine?
A
Duodenum
20
Q
What kind of polyp makes up the majorly of gastric polyps.?
A
Inflammatory and hyper plastic polyps (75%)
21
Q
How many children die each ear from infectious enterocolitis
A
12,000 ( 500 infants a day)
22
Q
What are the 3 top malabsorption problems in the US?
A
Pancreatic insufficiency, celiac disease, crohn disease
23
Q
Do smaller or larger glands have higher cancer risk ?
A
Smaller (but are less common)
24
Q
Oral cancer is about _____more common among males?
A
2x
25
Relapsing "attacks" with grossly bloody and mucoid stool is associated with what?
Ulcerative colitis
26
What a treatment for sigmoid diverticulitis?
Increase fiber, lifelong dietary modification
27
What percent of cholera is lethal and in what amount of time?
70% in 24 hours
28
What is a raised lesion that is firm with irregular boarders, that look whitish-grey or erythematous?
Oral squamous cell carcinoma
29
What is the most common location for angiodysplasia?
Cecum, but also in ascending colon
30
Environmental enteropathy is cycles of what?
Mucosal injury, malnutrition, and inflammation
31
Acute peptic ulceration is a complication of what 3 things?
Severe physiological stress, high NSAIDS, inter-cranial disease.
32
What constitutes diagnosis of travelers diarrhea?
Three or more unformed loose stools in 24 hours
33
What are other names for a canker sore ?
Aphthous ulcer, recurrent aphthous stomatitis
34
What is the actual problem causing barrett esophagus ?
The lower esophageal sphincter doesn't close all the way.
35
How common is pyloric stenosis ?
1-400 births
36
What is lower pharyngeal outpouching superior to the UES?
Zenkers diverticulum
37
Are peptic ulcers more common in men or women ?
Men !0, woman 4
38
Genital herpes is called what?
HSV-2
39
What kind of gastric polyp makes up 15% of them?
Fundic gland
40
What kind of hiatal hernia is most common and is a "bell shaped" dilation ?
Axial (sliding)
41
What are risks for squamous cell carcinoma (oral) ?
Alcohol, tobacco, >30, HPV-16
42
What part of the esophagus is where squamous cell carcinomas would be found?
Middle 1/3
43
What do you see with the crypts with campylobacter?
Crypt access
44
What percent of colon cancers are lethal?
40%
45
Villus flattening is a characteristic of what?
Environmental enteropathy
46
What is complete rupture at the thoracic esophagus? Hammans sign?
Boerhaaves syndrome
47
What is esophageal metaplasia at the distal esophagus? Where strat squamous Turing into columnar?
Barrett esophagus
48
What causes oral candidiasis? (Thrush)
Candida albicans
49
What is an early sign of appendicitis?
Periumbilical/epigastic discomfort
50
What is a vascular lesion with tortuous and dilated submucosal and mucosal vessels?
Angiodysplasia
51
Are most hiatal hernias symptomatic ?
No!
52
What disease is when chronic gastritis leads to atrophy with antibodies against parietal cells?
Autoimmune gastritis, pernicious anemia
53
What are complications of barrett esophagus ?
Esophageal adenocarcinoma, ulceration
54
If someone has lost a lot of weight, has abdominal dissension, borborygmus, flatulence, anorexia?
Malabsorption
55
What kind of ulcer gets worse after eating?
Gastric
56
What is when a segment of intestine telescopes into a distal segment?
Intussusception
57
Who is at risk for barrett esophagus ?
White ppl (30-300) males (4x) 40-60
58
Campylobacter enterocolitis may initiate what?
Reactive arthritis (HLA-B27)
59
How do you diagnose adenomas?
Screen, sessile or pedunculated, polyectomy
60
In what condition do 100% of patients develop colon cancer, most commonly before 30?
Familial adenomatous polyposis
61
Giardiasis (never fever) = ?
Malabsorption
62
What kind of mineral deficiency is associated with celiac disease?
Iron
63
How do you diagnose zenkers diverticulum?
Barium swallow and video fluoroscopy
64
Eating a highly processed diet increased your risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma ?
30x
65
What kind of esophagitis is most common after an ulcer and debilitated?
Infectious
66
What sign is achalasia associated with?
Bird beak sign
67
Flagellated protozoa is associated with what?
Giardia lamblia
68
What is the genetic mutation for someone with familial adenomatous polyposis ?
APC gene on chromosome 5
69
What is the treatment for crohns disease?
Probiotics, and immunosuppressive meds
70
Chronic and relapsing abdominal pain, bloating, constipation and diarrhea are symptoms of what?
IBS
71
Colorectal adenocarcinomas most commonly metastasize to where?
Liver
72
How common is crohns disease?
1:500
73
What is the cause of the ischemia in ischemic bowel disease?
From hypotension or occlusion, mucosal infarction
74
What kind of Esophageal lesion is associated with ectopic gastric mucosa, upper 1/3. Asymptomatic.
Ectopia
75
Parasitic diseases affect how many people?
>1/2 the worlds pop
76
What causes viral gastroenteritis in children ?
Rotavirus
77
What is the most common cause of esophagitis ?
Reflux esophagitis
78
What is the most common outpatient G.I. Complaint?
GERD
79
What % of parotid gland tumors are malignant ?
15-30%
80
What kind of Esophageal lesion is associated with atresia, tracheal fistula, Stenosis, regurgitation?
Mechanical
81
What is celiac disease?
Immune mediated, reaction to gliadin
82
IBD is most commonly seen in what type of control?
Females, adolescence, white.
83
Tumors of the small intestine account for what percent of all G.I. Malignancies ?
1%
84
Are adenomas age related?
Yes
85
What kind of parotid gland tumor is more invasive, less mobile and malignant?
Carcinoma Ex Pleomophic adenoma
86
What is the most common malignancy of the G.I. Tract?
Colorectal adenocarcinoma
87
What are symptoms of acute ischemic bowel disease?
Sudden/severe abdominal pain, nausea. Vomiting, frank blood in stool
88
Where do most intestinal obstructions occur?
Small intestine
89
What is the cause of lynch syndrome?
Inherited mutations in DNA mismatch repair system
90
What deficiency is associated with colorectal adenocarcinoma ?
Iron deficiency anemia
91
What is the long term survival rate for someone with squamous cell carcinoma?
<50% long term
92
What are risks for chronic gastritis ?
Heliobacter pylori infection, old age
93
Skip lesions are seen in what condition?
Crohns disease
94
What are symptoms of dermatitis herpetiformis ?
Blister on arms, legs, butt, itchy, seen in 10% of celiac disease patients
95
What do Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis have in common?
IBD, Familial, females, risk of adenocarcinomas
96
What is a benign smooth muscle tumor of the esophagus ?
Leiomyoma
97
What parts are injured in viral gastroenteritis?
To superficial cells of the stomach or SI
98
What are the most common types of tumors of the small intestine?
50% adenocarcinoma, 50% carcinoid tumors
99
What does ulcerative colitis?
Rectum/distal colon
100
Canker sores are most common in what kind of people?
Females, over 20, Celiac disase, IBD, Behcet disease
101
Crohn disease effects what ?
Entire GI tract, Most commonly in the ileum
102
What mutation is common for oral cancer?
TP53
103
Oralfacial herpes is called what?
HSV-1
104
What are treatments for ischemic bowel disease?
Prophylactic antibiotics
105
What condition is associated with a wall defect that leads to a blind need pouch and there are most commonly multiple ?
Sigmoid diverticulitis
106
What type of gastritis is transient mucosal inflammation (neutrophils), with possible erosion/ulceration ?
Acute
107
If the appendix Rutgers there is what?
High morbidity and mortality.
108
When does zenkers diverticulum develop and what are sympotoms?
After an increase in pharyngeal pressure. Halitosis, dysphasia, regurgitation
109
What has a high (50%) risk of transitioning to CA has irregular boarder and is a red velvety area?
Erythroplakia
110
What causes 10-20% initial HSV infections ?
Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis
111
What kind of Esophageal lesion is secondary to portal hypertension ?
Esophageal varices
112
Are there granulomas or skip lesions seen in Ulcerative colitis?
No
113
Is there inflammation associated with IBS?
NO
114
What are some treatments for canker sores?
NSAIDS, B12 (cobalamin)
115
What is the defect that causes hirschsprung disease?
Neural crest cell migration
116
What is treatment for IBS?
Fiber, decrease carbs
117
What does herpes virus lay dormant?
Trigeminal ganglion
118
What condition is a hemangioma on gingiva, caused by hormonal factors and or irritation that grows rapidly ?
Pyogenic granuloma
119
What % of he us have appendicitis?
7%
120
What is the most common acute abdominal condition ?
Quite appendicitis
121
What is the location of hemorrhoids ?
Anal and perianal vessels
122
Where are common locations for peptic ulcer?
Prox duodenum (4x), gastric Antrim
123
Co-morbidity impairs esophageal functioning. Inflammation near Auerbach plexus is what?
Secondary achalasia
124
What do you see with e coli crypt architecture
Normal
125
What is the Most common esophageal cancer worldwide?
Squamous cell carcinoma
126
Are colorectal adenocarcinomas asymptomatic early?
Yes
127
What makes up 90% of all stomach cancers?
Gastric adenocarcinoma
128
What is a raised white patch that cant be scraped off?
Leukoplakia
129
With malabsorption what is defective?
Fats,carbs, proteins, vit A D E K, mineral, electrolytes
130
What percent of herpes simplex virus is asymptomatic?
80%
131
What percent of people over 70 have xerostomia?
20%
132
What is the most common type of oral cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma
133
What are shared feathers between duodenal and gastric ulcers?
Eating influences pain, relieved by vomiting or alkaline substance, worse at night
134
What's is another name for sigmoid diverticulitis ?
Colonic diverticulosis
135
What are 2 treatments for achalasia
Botulinum toxin, pneumatic dilation
136
What percent of sublingual or minor salivary gland tumors are malignant?
50-90%
137
How common is Ulcerative colitis?
1 per 5,000
138
What causes viral gastroenteritis in adults?
Norovirus
139
What is the most common cause of bacterial sialadenitis?
Staph aureus
140
What kind of esophageal laceration is a longitudinal tear from forceful vomiting?
Mallory weiss tear
141
90% of all cirrhosis cases have what?
Esophageal varices
142
What type of esophagitis is acute, self limiting, and due to tobacco, alcohol, pill induce?
Chemical
143
If you have perianal citing with bright red bloody (frank) stool, most are self limiting which is what?
Hemorrhoids
144
What are risks for gastric adenocarcinoma ??
H pylori, japan(20x)
145
What are symptoms of chronic ischemic bowel disease??
Episodic bloody diarrhea, mimics IBD
146
What is a blocked or rupture of a duct, found on the lower lip in the young and old?
Mucocele (mucous cyst, Ranula)
147
Who is most commonly effected by tropical sprue?
Children 2-3 years old
148
What condition is an hereditary cancer syndrome?
Lynch syndrome
149
What is the most common tumor of the appendix?
Carcinoid, (rarely adenocarcinoma )
150
Hamartomas = what?
Mature cells
151
Are adenomas considered malignant until proven otherwise?
Yes
152
Is fibrosis seen in crohns or ulcerative colitis ?
Crohns
153
What are dietary risk factors for an adenocarcinoma ?
Low veggie fiber, high amounts of carbs, high animal fat, decreased antioxidants.
154
What kind of achalasia is most common?
Primary
155
In HPV (16) associated squamous cell carcinoma where are the most common sites?
Base of tongue, tonsillar crypts
156
Who is at risk for celiac disease ?
White people, 30-60
157
What condition is associated with barrett esophagus ?
GERD
158
What is associated with projectile vomiting and the fluid is not bile stained. ?
Pyloric stenosis
159
What makes up 20% of lower intestinal bleeds?
Angiodysplasia
160
What is a nodular mass, following chronic irritation also has
Hyperplasia and fibrosis and is most common along the bite line?
Fibroma
161
What is a solitary punched out lesion in the stomach ?
Peptic ulcer disease
162
Where does U.C. Always being ?
Rectum
163
What are the most common (3) locations of Crohn's disease ?
Terminal ileum, ileocecal valve
164
Who is at risk forr a squamous cell carcinoma in the esophagus ?
45^, males, African americans
165
If caught early what's the 5 ear survival rate for gastric adenocarcinoma ?
90%
166
What causes cholera ?
Vinbro cholera (gram -)
167
Is crohns disease or ulcerative colitis malabsorptive ?
Crohns
168
What kind of pain is assocaited with peptic ulcers and when?
Gnawing, burning, boring, at night 1-3 hours after eating
169
When celiac disase manifests on the skin what is it called?
Dermatitis herpetiformis
170
What is inflammation of the gastric mucosa ?
Gastritis
171
What kind of gastritis is less severe but prolonged?
Chronic
172
What relieves peptic ulcers?
Alkaline substance
173
What arteries are associated with ischemic bowl disease? (Ischemic colitis)
Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, and celiac artery
174
What are characteristics of hemorrhoid?
Thin walled varices, swollen and tortuous
175
What is responsible for 50% of esophageal cancers in the us?
Adenocarcinoma
176
What causes celiac disease?
B and T cells damage S.I. Causing villous atrophy
177
What is the most common form of viral Sialadenitis?
Mumps virus infection (pediatrics = self limiting. Adults, pancreatitis and orchitis)
178
How does one diagnose lactose intolerance?
Breath hydrogen test
179
What is a major risk for adenomas and how much higher is the risk?
Family history, 4x increased risk
| Q
180
What is secondary to injury to esophageal mucosa?
Esophagitis
181
What syndrome is associated with salivary gland problems?
Sjogren syndrome
182
Canker sores effect what percent of the population ???
40
183
Where is the problem with lactose intolerance ?
S.I. Brush border
184
What condition is associated with grey/white pseudomembranes that can be scraped off?
Oral candidiasis
185
What are symptoms of sigmoid diverticulitis ?
Cramping, LLQ pain
186
What is lost in celiac Disease?
Villi
187
What is characterized by dry mouth, due to decreased saliva production?
Xerostomia
188
What is known as a pregnancy tumor?
Pyogenic granuloma
189
The ______the size of a adenoma the_______chance of cancer.
Larger, higher
190
What is it called when inflammation leads to fibrosis that creates adherent intestinal segments?
Adhesions
191
What are signs of an acute appendicitis ?
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting
192
The cholera toxin opens what?
CFTR which = a massive chloride ion secretion
193
What is a major risk of esophageal varices?
Hemorrhage. 50% of first time bleeds are lethal
194
What is the triad for achalasia?
Incomplete LES relaxation, increased LES tone, esophageal aperistalsis
195
Internal hemorrhoids =?
Above the anorectal line
196
What is another name for environmental enteropathy ?
Tropical sprue
197
What are late symptoms of appendicitis ?
RLQ tenderness to deep/constant pain
198
What is the most common bacterial enteric pathogen in the US?
Campylobacter jejuni
199
How many people in the us over have have adenomas?
Half
200
What is a main symptom of acute peptic ulceration ?
Coffee ground mematemesis
201
Transmural inflammation with fissures and Melena is associated with what?
Crohn disease
202
What things are aspirated with toxic Megacolon?
Polyarthritis, sacoiliitis, AS, eye irritation
203
Where is the most common site of mets for oral squamous cell carcinoma?
Cervical lymph nodes
204
What is the most common cancer associated with Lynch syndrome?
Endometrial
205
Is chronic gastric mucosa symptomatic ?
No
206
What kind of pain is associated with Crohn's disease?
RLQ pain
207
How does malabsorption manifest itself?
Chronic diarrhea
208
What causes travelers diarrhea ?
Fecal oral contamination
209
What are 3 organisms that cause acute self limited colitis ?
Campylobacter, shigella, E. coli, salmonella
210
What are risks for pseudomembranous colitis?
Hospitalization
211
What is congenital outpouching of the small intestine called ?
Meckel diverticulum
212
What kind of ulcer gets better after eating?
Duodenal
213
What is another name for hirschsprung disease?
Congenital aganglionic megacolon
214
What is the most common vascular disorder of G.I. Tract ?
Hemorrhoids
215
What is the loss of inhibitory innervation to the LES?
Primary achalasia
216
What are carries are salmonella?
Snakes, lizards, gecko, salamanders q
217
Thrush is seen in what percent of newborns?
40
218
What disease is associated with lack of neurologic ganglia in the rectum that may involve the sigmoid colon?
Hirschsprung disease
219
What is the most common cause of appendicitis ?
Obstruction (50-80%)
220
What type of esophageal lesion is associated with achalasia, aperistalsis?
Functional
221
What percent of submandibular gland tumors are malignant ?
40%
222
What is the main cause of travelers diarrhea?
Enterotoxigenic E. Coli
223
What organisms is associated with parasitic disease?
Ascaris lumnricoides
224
How does one diagnose familial adenomatous polyposis ?
100 or more adenomas most commonly 500-2,500
225
What are treatments for pseudomembranous colitis ?
Vancomycin or metronidazole
226
What is a shallow painful ulceration in the oral mucosa and or pharynx usually less than 5mm?
Canker sore
227
What is inhibitory for U.C.?
Smoking
228
Does location of herpes indicate type ?
No
229
At what age are most people diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma ?
50-70
230
What are risk factors for pyloric stenosis ?
White, male, turner syndrome
231
What is it called when the stomach protrudes into the thorax, via a wider esophageal hiatus?
Hiatal hernia
