Section 12 Flashcards
1
Q
most common cause of pediatric cardiac arrest
A
respiratory failure
2
Q
most commonly used for ventilation
A
Self-inflating bag-valve mask system
3
Q
most important factor determining the type of transport
A
Team availability and skill level
4
Q
Most important in the resuscitation of neonates
A
rapid establishment of effective ventilation and determining the heart rate before initiating CPR
5
Q
most readily available site for venous access in the newborn
A
umbilical vein
6
Q
most common type of TEF
A
Esophageal atresia with a distal tracheoesophageal fistula
7
Q
most common rhythms seen in pediatric arrest
A
Bradycardias
8
Q
number one cause of death in children >4 years old
A
Motor traffic-related injury
9
Q
most commonly injured solid organ
A
spleen
10
Q
the second leading cause of death in abused children
A
Abdominal trauma
11
Q
second most commonly injured solid organ/s
A
liver and kidney
12
Q
most common injury in blunt chest trauma in children (evolve 4 to 6 hours after injury)
A
Pulmonary contusions
13
Q
most common fracture in the thoracolumbar spine and are usually stable and managed non-operatively
A
Compression fractures
14
Q
most common neurologic deficits among pediatric cervical spine injury patients
A
Sensory symptoms
15
Q
most common complaint following mild traumatic brain injury, with an onset within 7 days of the initial injury, and can be acute or persistent in nature
A
headache
16
Q
Strongest and most consistent predictor of slower recovery in concussion
A
severity of symptoms during the first few days following injury
17
Q
most common mechanism of cervical spine injuries
A
Motor vehicle crashes
18
Q
second most common mechanism of cervical spine injuries
A
falls
19
Q
most cost-effective modality for imaging the cervical spine in adults
A
CT
20
Q
modality of choice for the diagnosis and evaluation of children with focal neurologic deficits on exam or those who report persistent severe cervical spine pain with normal plain radiographs
A
MRI
21
Q
narrowest point of the child’s trachea
A
cricoid ring
22
Q
most common complication of IO
A
Extravasation at the insertion site
23
Q
most commonly accessed site of IO 2 cm inferior (distal) to the tibial tuberosity
A
Anteromedial proximal tibia
24
Q
most valid and reliable tool and is recommended especially for children who do not have the ability to serially numerate
A
Faces Pain Scale–Revised
25
most frequently used self-report measure of pain intensity in older children and adults with acute pain.
Verbal numeric rating scale
26
most commonly used benzodiazepine for procedural sedation or anxiolysis in children
midazolam
27
most common cause of neonatal cardiorespiratory distress
Neonatal sepsis
28
most common site of infection in neonates
lungs
29
most common cause of stridor in neonates
laryngomalacia
30
most common surgically correctible cause of vomiting in newborns
Pyloric stenosis
31
the most critical electrolyte disturbance in DKA
Change in the serum potassium level
32
most common explanations for ALTE or BRUE
Gastroesophageal reflux
33
leading cause of death for infants between 1 month and 1 year of age
SIDS
34
most common serious bacterial illness
UTI with or without pyelonephritis
35
overall are the most frequent cause of fever in infant
viral infections
36
most common cause of hyponatremia
SIADH from brain inflammation
37
third most common diagnosis for ED visits in children under 15 years old
otitis media
38
Most common acute complication of AOM
tympanic membrane perforation
39
most common risk factor of AOM
hyperhydration and maceration of the epithelial layer lining the canal
40
most common infectious cause of ophthalmia neonatorum
Conjunctivitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis
41
most common presenting signs of Retinoblastoma
leukocoria and strabismus
42
most common pathogen of acute bacterial sinusitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
43
most common form of recurrent oral ulcers
Aphthous ulcers (canker sores)
44
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is most commonly caused by
Coxsackievirus A16
45
most common presentation of primary herpes infection during 6 months to 5 years of age
Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis
46
best known acute clinical manifestation of Epstein-Barr virus infection
Viral Pharyngitis (EBV)
47
most commonly occurring form of acute bacterial pharyngitis for which antibiotic therapy is indicated
GABHS pharyngitis
48
most commonly injured teeth are the maxillary central incisors
Dental trauma
49
most common childhood malignancy of the head and neck
Lymphoma
50
“the worst sore throat”
Peritonsillar abscess
51
most common culprits of oropharyngeal trauma
toothpick
52
most frequent cause of wheezing in infants; most common lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children ≤2 years of age
Bronchiolitis
53
most frequent cause of wheezing in children (>2yo) and adolescents
Asthma
54
most common lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children ≤2 years of age; leading cause for hospitalization in children <1 year of age; most common cause is respiratory syncytial virus
bronchiolitis
55
most commonly detected cause of pneumonia in children
Viruses
56
most common bacterial cause of community-acquired pneumonia
S. pneumonia
57
most common cyanotic congenital heart disease manifesting in the postinfancy period
TOF
58
most common cyanotic heart lesion manifesting in the newborn period
Transposition of the great arteries
59
Single most important therapeutic intervention for duct-dependent lesions
infusion of IV prostaglandin E1
60
most common form of aortic stenosis
Bicuspid aortic valve
61
most common congenital heart defect
VSD
62
most common cause of heart transplantation in children older than 1 year of age
Cardiomyopathies
63
most common type of syncope in children
Neurocardiogenic syncope
64
Most common pediatric autonomic disorder
Riley-Day Syndrome
65
most common in children with congenital heart disease after heart surgery
Atrioventricular block
66
most common form of ventricular preexcitation in children
WPW Syndrome
67
most common cause of fluid and electrolyte abnormalities in children
Dehydration
68
most common form of dehydration
Isonatremic dehydration
69
most common cause of hypernatremia in children.
diarrhea
70
most common intragenic complication of IV fluid therapy
Hyponatremia
71
most commonly occurs secondary to profuse vomiting and/or diarrhea
Hypokalemia
72
most common manifestation of hyperkalemia
Cardiac conduction delay
73
most common cause of hypocalcemia
dietary deficiency and chronic renal failure
74
most common cause of hypercalcemia
malignancy involving the lymphoreticular system
75
most common cause of abdominal pain in children of all ages
Gastroenteritis
76
most common cause of acute intestinal obstruction in children under 2 years of age
Intussusception
77
most common surgical emergency in children
appendicitis
78
most common cause of severe UGI bleeding in children
Variceal bleeding
79
most common serious bacterial infections in young children
Pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs)
80
most common cause of UTI in children
E. coli
81
most common cause of painless scrotal swelling in children
Hydrocele
82
most common cause of priapism in children
sickle cell disease
83
best position for examining the vestibule and hymen
Frog-legged position
84
best position for examining the perianal area and the vaginal vault
Knee-chest position
85
the most common vaginal foreign body in prepubertal females
toilet paper
86
most common physical exam finding in nephrotic syndrome
Edema
87
most common symptom of glomerulonephritis
hematuria
88
most common single cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide
Ig A nephropathy
89
most common cause of chronic renal failure in young children
Congenital renal disease
90
most common cause of chronic renal failure in older children
glomerulonephritis and reflux nephropathy
91
most common type of pediatric seizure
Febrile seizures
92
most common condition that may be mistaken for seizures
Syncope
93
most often identified inflicted intracranial injury in abused infants
Subdural hematoma
94
most important tool to distinguish benign from life-threatening headaches
Physical examination
95
most common primary headache disorder; most common non–life-threatening headache
Migraine
96
Most common aura symptoms
lightheadedness and visual changes (scotoma and scintillations)
97
most common location of brain tumors in children
Posterior fossa
98
most common elbow fracture in children
Supracondylar fracture
99
"pointing finger sign" indicates injury to
anterior interosseous nerve
100
leading cause of anemia in childhood
IDA
101
most common cancers in children
acute leukemia
102
most common site of extramedullary infiltration in leukemia
reticuloendothelial system
103
second most common pediatric cancer
CNS tumors
104
most common neoplasm in the first year of life
Neuroblastoma
105
most common primary site of neuroblastoma
adrenal gland
106
most common pediatric intraocular malignancy
Retinoblastoma
107
most common solid tumor in young adult men
Testicular germ cell tumors
108
most common primary pediatric bone tumor
Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)
109
most frequent causes of cancer-related death
Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)
110
most common presentation of osteosarcoma in the adolescents
persistent bone pain that worsens at night or with activity
111
most significant prognostic factor of Ewing’s sarcoma
Metastatic disease
112
Tumor lysis syndrome is commonly precipitated by
induction of chemotherapy
113
most common malignancy in adolescents age 15 to 19 years
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
114
most common presenting symptom of spinal cord compression in children
backpain
115
the most common clinical features of metabolic emergencies
Vomiting, altered mental status, and poor feeding
116
Most important diagnostic test in the ED for the neonate, infant, or child who is critically ill or shows altered mental status
serum glucose level
117
second most important diagnostic test in the ED for pediatric patients
Evaluation of serum for beta-hydroxybutyrate (or urine ketones)
118
accounts for most cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Deficiency of 21-hydroxylase
119
most common pediatric endocrine disorder
diabetes
120
leading cause of mortality in patients with diabetes <24 years of age
DKA
121
leading cause of mortality in DKA
cerebral edema
122
most common neurosurgical procedure performed in children
Cerebrospinal shunt placement
123
Most common and most severe form of neural tube
meningomyelocele
124
most common form of child maltreatment and the most difficult to evaluate and manage
Child neglect
125
most easily identified type of maltreatment
Physical abuse
126
most common manifestation of physical abuse and is often overlooked
bruising
127
second most common manifestation of physical abuse
fractures
128
Single most important risk factor for abusive fractures
young age
129
most highly correlated with physical abuse.
Posterior rib fractures
130
most common cause of traumatic death and disability in infancy and early childhood
Abusive head trauma
131
second leading cause of death in abused children
Abdominal trauma (liver and small bowel injuries are the most commonly seen)
132
Most common cause of blindness in abusive head trauma
cortical blindness
133
second most common benign neck mass after lymphadenopathy
Thyroglossal duct cysts
134
most common childhood malignancy of the head and neck
Lymphoma
135
most common cause of acquired subglottic stenosis
Prolonged endotracheal intubation in premature babies
136
most common cause of stridor outside the neonatal period
Croup (viral laryngotracheobronchitis)
137
leading cause of death in children less than 5 years of age
pneumonia
138
most common benign murmur in children
Still vibratory murmur
139
most severe manifestations of Kawasaki’s disease
Cardiac complications
140
second leading cause of death worldwide in children outside of the neonatal period.
Diarrhea
141
most common type of renal stone in children
Calcium-containing renal stones
142
most common physical exam finding in nephrotic syndrome
edema
143
most common lower extremity injury in children over 5 years of age
Distal Fibula Ankle Fractures
144
second bone to ossify in the fetus and the largest of the long bones in the body
femur
145
most common cause of hip disability in adolescents.
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis)
146
most common in acute septic arthritis in pediatrics
Hematogenous spread
147
most common pathogen in osteoarticular infections
Staphylococcus aureus
148
most common example of avascular necrosis or osteochondrosis
Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
149
most common site of pain from a vaso-occlusive crisis
extremities and back
150
next most common site of pain from a vaso-occlusive crisis
abdomen
151
leading cause of death in patients with SCA
infection
152
most common manifestation of SCA
Vaso-occlusive crises
153
most common renal abnormality of SCA
Hyposthenuria
154
single most important risk factor for developing thromboembolism in any child
central venous line
155
most common cause of metabolic encephalopathy in infants.
Hyperammonemia
