BB LEC > Section 2: Basic Genetics > Flashcards

Section 2: Basic Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is immunohematology?

A

The study of antigen–antibody reactions involving blood cells

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2
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance that can stimulate the production of antibodies

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3
Q

What is an immunogen?

A

An antigen capable of inducing an immune response

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of a good antigen?

A

Foreignness, immunogenicity, specificity, and ability to bind antibodies

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5
Q

What determines antigen specificity?

A

The epitope or antigenic determinant

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6
Q

What is an epitope?

A

The specific part of an antigen that reacts with an antibody

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7
Q

What is a blood group antigen?

A

A genetically determined structure on the red cell membrane

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of blood group antibodies?

A

Specificity, reactivity, immunoglobulin class, and optimal temperature

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9
Q

What immunoglobulin is most ABO antibodies?

A

IgM

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10
Q

What immunoglobulin is most Rh antibodies?

A

IgG

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11
Q

What is an alloantibody?

A

An antibody produced against an antigen not present on one’s own cells

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12
Q

What is an autoantibody?

A

An antibody produced against one’s own antigens

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13
Q

What is the main difference between alloantibodies and autoantibodies?

A

Alloantibodies react with foreign antigens while autoantibodies react with self-antigens

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14
Q

What is Mendelian inheritance?

A

Transmission of traits based on genes inherited from parents

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15
Q

What is a gene?

A

A unit of heredity that determines a trait

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16
Q

What is an allele?

A

An alternative form of a gene

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17
Q

What is homozygous?

A

Having identical alleles for a trait

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18
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

Having different alleles for a trait

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19
Q

What is dominant inheritance?

A

Expression of a trait when only one allele is present

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20
Q

What is recessive inheritance?

A

Expression of a trait only when two recessive alleles are present

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21
Q

What is codominant inheritance?

A

Expression of both alleles equally

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22
Q

Which blood group system shows codominant inheritance?

A

ABO blood group system

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23
Q

What is Mendel’s Law of Segregation?

A

Allele pairs separate during gamete formation

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24
Q

What is Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?

A

Genes segregate independently of each other

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25
What pattern of inheritance is seen in the ABO system?
Mendelian codominant inheritance
26
What is Hardy–Weinberg Principle?
A principle stating allele frequencies remain constant in a population
27
What are the conditions of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium?
Large population, random mating, no mutation, no migration, no selection
28
What does p represent in Hardy–Weinberg equation?
Frequency of the dominant allele
29
What does q represent in Hardy–Weinberg equation?
Frequency of the recessive allele
30
What is the Hardy–Weinberg equation?
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
31
What does p² represent?
Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals
32
What does 2pq represent?
Frequency of heterozygous individuals
33
What does q² represent?
Frequency of homozygous recessive individuals
34
Why is Hardy–Weinberg important in immunohematology?
It helps predict blood group frequencies in populations
35
What are antigens?
Substances that combine with an antibody
36
What is an immunogen?
An antigen that causes a specific immune response
37
How many RBC antigen systems exist and how many antigens do they contain?
Over 23 RBC antigen systems containing more than 200 antigens
38
What types of molecules can RBC antigens be?
Proteins, glycolipids, or glycoproteins
39
Which blood group antigens are protein in nature?
Rh, M, and N
40
Which blood group antigens are glycolipid in nature?
ABH, Lewis, Ii, and P
41
Which antigen system is glycoprotein in nature?
HLA
42
What are naturally occurring blood group antibodies?
Antibodies found in individuals without prior transfusion, injection, or pregnancy
43
What are the characteristics of naturally occurring blood group antibodies?
Usually IgM, cold-reactive, activate complement, and may cause hemolysis
44
What are immune blood group antibodies?
IgG antibodies formed after transfusion or pregnancy that react best at 37°C and require AHG for detection
45
What are naturally occurring blood group antibodies?
Antibodies found in individuals with no prior exposure to RBC antigens by transfusion, injection, or pregnancy
46
What are immune blood group antibodies?
Antibodies formed after exposure to RBC antigens through transfusion or pregnancy
47
What immunoglobulin class are most naturally occurring antibodies?
IgM
48
What immunoglobulin class are most immune antibodies?
IgG
49
At what temperature do naturally occurring antibodies react best?
Room temperature or lower
50
At what temperature do immune antibodies react best?
37°C
51
Which antibodies are usually detected in the immediate spin phase?
Naturally occurring antibodies
52
Which antibodies usually require the antiglobulin phase for detection?
Immune antibodies
53
Which blood group systems are commonly associated with naturally occurring antibodies?
ABH, Hh, Ii, Lewis, MN, and P systems
54
Which blood group systems are commonly associated with immune antibodies?
Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, and Ss systems
55
On which chromosome is the ABO blood group system located?
Chromosome 9
56
What genes control the ABO blood group system?
ABO gene encoding glycosyltransferase enzymes
57
On which chromosome is the Rh blood group system located?
Chromosome 1
58
What genes primarily control the Rh blood group system?
RHD and RHCE genes
59
Where are blood group antigens found in the body?
On red blood cells and other tissues
60
What is a general characteristic of blood group antigens?
They are genetically determined and located on cell membranes
61
What types of molecules can blood group antigens be composed of?
Proteins, glycoproteins, or glycolipids
62
Which blood group antigens are protein in nature?
Rh and MNS systems
63
Which blood group antigens are glycoprotein in nature?
MNS and HLA systems
64
Which blood group antigens are glycolipid in nature?
ABO, Lewis, and P systems
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