Section 3: Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts

Question 1

What makes up the Human Movement System (HMS)?

Answer 1

An integration of the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems.

Question 2

What does the nervous system provide?

Answer 2

Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) information.

Question 3

What makes up the nervous system?

Answer 3

The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

Question 4

____ contains different types of sensory receptors such as mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors.

Answer 4

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 5

What does the nervous system need to function properly?

Answer 5

Electrolytes including sodium, potassium, magnesium, and water.

Question 6

What are the three stages of motor skill development?

Answer 6

Cognitive, associative, and autonomous.

Question 7

When does the nervous system develop?

Answer 7

As humans age from childhood to adulthood.

Question 8

____ is the collective components and structures that work together to move the body.

Answer 8

Human Movement System (HMS)

Question 9

____ is a specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system.

Answer 9

Neuron

Question 10

What are the three components of a neuron?

Answer 10

Cell body, axon, and dendrites.

Question 11

____ is the division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 11

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 12

____ is the nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.

Answer 12

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 13

____ is the sensory pathway that relays information TO the central nervous system.

Answer 13

Afferent Pathway

Question 14

____ is the motor pathway that relays information FROM the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

Answer 14

Efferent Pathway

Question 15

____ are specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.

Answer 15

Mechanoreceptors

Question 16

____ is the nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.

Answer 16

Somatic Nervous System

Question 17

____ is the division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones).

Answer 17

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 18

____ is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase the neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

Answer 18

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 19

____ is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

Answer 19

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 20

____ is the body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

Answer 20

Proprioception

Question 21

____ are sensory receptors sensitive to change in LENGTH of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Answer 21

Muscle Spindles

Question 22

____ is a specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and the rate of that change.

Answer 22

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

Question 23

During which stage of motor skill development will you need to use simple instructions to break down the skill into smaller steps?

Answer 23

Sage 1 (Cognitive)

Question 24

During which stage of motor skill development will you need to help refine the client’s skill through practice and feedback?

Answer 24

Stage 2 (Associative)

Question 25

During which stage of motor skill development will you be able to teach your clients new versions of the skill?

Answer 25

Stage 3 (Autonomous)

Question 26

____ provides support for the body and protects the internal organs.

Answer 26

The Skeletal System

Question 27

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

Answer 27

Axial and Appendicular

Question 28

____ act as attachment sites and levers to produce movement when muscles contract.

Answer 28

Human Bones

Question 29

When does bone growth occur?

Answer 29

Throughout life.

Question 30

How does bone remodel itself?

Answer 30

With specialized cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Question 31

What are the five categories of bones?

Answer 31

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, and Sesamoid

Question 32

What are the five distinct regions of the vertebral column?

Answer 32

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, and Coccyx

Question 33

____ is in between each vertebra, acts as a shock absorber, and assists with movement.

Answer 33

Intervertebral Disc

Question 34

____ are formed by one bone articulating with another and can be categorized by their shape, structure, and function.

Answer 34

Joints

Question 35

____ describes bone movement, and ____ describes movement at the joint surface.

Answer 35

Osteokinematic and arthrokinematic

Question 36

____ are unique with a synovial capsule but also contain other connective tissues, such as ligaments and fascia that provide support.

Answer 36

Synovial Joints

Question 37

What are the six classifications of synovial joints?

Answer 37

Gliding (plane), Condyloid, Hinge, Saddle, Pivot, and Ball-and-Socket joints.

Question 38

What can have a major positive impact on bone mass with the aging adult.

Answer 38

Exercise and proper nutrition

Question 39

What is the skeletal system?

Answer 39

A description of the bones of the body. In the human skeletal system, there are 206 bones of which approximately 177 are used in voluntary movement.

Question 40

____ is a division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column. It has approximately 80 bones.

Answer 40

Axial Skeleton

Question 41

____ is a devision of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle. It has approximately 126 bones.

Answer 41

Appendicular Skeleton

Question 42

____ is the process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.

Answer 42

Remodeling

Question 43

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

Answer 43

Osteoclasts

Question 44

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.

Answer 44

Osteoblasts

Question 45

Which bone type has a cylindrical shaft with irregular or widened ends?

Answer 45

Long

Question 46

What bone type is the humerus (Upper arm bone)?

Answer 46

Long

Question 47

What bone type is the femur (Thigh bone)?

Answer 47

Long

Question 48

Which bone type is similar in length and width and appears somewhat cubical in shape?

Answer 48

Short

Question 49

What bone type are the carpals of the wrist?

Answer 49

Short

Question 50

What bone type are the tarsals of the ankle?

Answer 50

Short

Question 51

Which bone type has thin, protective surfaces that provide broad surfaces for muscles to attach?

Answer 51

Flat

Question 52

What bone type is the scapulae (Shoulder blade)?

Answer 52

Flat

Question 53

What bone type is the sternum (Breast plate)?

Answer 53

Flat

Question 54

What bone type are the ribs?

Answer 54

Flat

Question 55

Which bone type has a unique shape and function from all other bone types?

Answer 55

Irregular

Question 56

What bone type is the vertebrae (Spinal column)?

Answer 56

Irregular

Question 57

Which bone type are small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint?

Answer 57

Sesamoid

Question 58

What bone type is the patella (Kneecap)?

Answer 58

Sesamoid

Question 59

____ are flattened or indented portions of bone.

Answer 59

Depressions

Question 60

____ are projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach.

Answer 60

Processes

Question 61

The first seven vertebrae starting at the top of the spinal column (C1-C7).

Answer 61

Cervical Spine

Question 62

The twelve vertebrae located in the upper and middle back behind the ribs (T1-T12).

Answer 62

Thoracic Spine

Question 63

The five vertebrae of the low-back below the thoracic spine (L1-L5).

Answer 63

Lumbar Spine

Question 64

The triangular bone located below the lumber spine composed of five vertebrae that fuse together as the body develops into adulthood.

Answer 64

Sacrum

Question 65

Located below the sacrum, and more commonly known as the tailbone composed of three to five small fused bones.

Answer 65

Coccyx

Question 66

What is osteokinematics?

Answer 66

Movement of a limb that is visible.

Question 67

What is arthrokinematics?

Answer 67

The description of joint surface movement

Question 68

What are the three types of arthrokinematics?

Answer 68

Roll, Slide, and Spin

Question 69

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 69

A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule

Question 70

____ is a gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.

Answer 70

Nonaxial

Question 71

____ is a joint that has no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

Answer 71

Nonsynovial Joints

Question 72

____ links the nervous and skeletal systems and generates force to move the human body.

Answer 72

The Muscular System

Question 73

____ have a complex structure that includes different layers of connective tissue that surround the contractile muscle fibers.

Answer 73

Muscles

Question 74

____ consist of repeating sarcomeres and the myofilaments actin and myosin, which create the muscle contraction called teh sliding filament theory.

Answer 74

Myofibrils

Question 75

____ describes the steps in the muscle contraction process involving the nercous and muscular systems.

Answer 75

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Question 76

What electrolyte and neurotransmitter are involved in the excitation-contraction coupling process?

Answer 76

Calcium and acetylcholine

Question 77

What is the all-or-nothing principle?

Answer 77

A motor unit either maximally contracts or does not contract at all.

Question 78

Muscles involved with fine motor skills have motor units with fewer ____.

Answer 78

Innervated Fibers

Question 79

Muscle fibers that are smaller in size, produce less force, and are fatigue resistant.

Answer 79

Type 1, slow-twitch fibers

Question 80

Muscle fibers that are larger in size, produce more force, and fatigue quickly.

Answer 80

Type 2, fast-twitch fibers

Question 81

What are the three types of muscles?

Answer 81

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Question 82

What is skeletal muscle?

Answer 82

A type of muscle that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.

Question 83

What is fascia?

Answer 83

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones.

Question 84

What is eminysium?

Answer 84

The inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the "deep fascia."

Question 85

What are fascicles?

Answer 85

The largest bundles of fibers within a muscle; surrounded by perimysium.

Question 86

What is perimysium?

Answer 86

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.

Question 87

What is endomysium?

Answer 87

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.

Question 88

____ connect muscles to bones.

Answer 88

Tendons

Question 89

____ connect bones to bones.

Answer 89

Ligaments

Question 90

When a tendon is overstretched or torn, this is known as a ____?

Answer 90

Strain

Question 91

When a ligament is overstretched or torn, it is known as a ____?

Answer 91

Sprain

Question 92

What are myofibrils?

Answer 92

The contractile components of a muscle cell.

Question 93

What myofilaments are within the myofibrils?

Answer 93

Actin and myosin

Question 94

____ is a thin, stringlike, myofilament.

Answer 94

Actin

Question 95

____ is a think myofilament.

Answer 95

Myosin

Question 96

What is a sarcomere?

Answer 96

The structural unit of a myofibril compose of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

Question 97

What is a motor unit?

Answer 97

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.

Question 98

The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin and actin filaments move past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.

Answer 98

Sliding Filament Theory