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Intro To Psychology > Section 4 > Flashcards

Section 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three structures of personality according to Freud?

A

ID, Superego, Ego

These structures represent different aspects of human personality.

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2
Q

Define personality.

A

Set of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral tendencies that people display over time

This definition encompasses the various dimensions that contribute to an individual’s personality.

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3
Q

What is psychological determinism?

A

The view that all thoughts, feelings, and behavior have underlying psychological causes

This concept suggests that even mundane actions are influenced by deeper psychological factors.

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4
Q

What does the conscious mind encompass?

A

Thoughts, feelings, motivation, and awareness of which a person is more aware

The conscious mind is the part of the mind that contains thoughts and feelings that are actively being considered.

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5
Q

What is the preconscious mind?

A

Holds information that a person can easily bring into conscious awareness

This includes memories and knowledge that are not currently in focus but can be accessed.

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6
Q

Define the unconscious mind.

A

Contains thoughts, feelings, and motivations that cannot be voluntarily brought into consciousness

The unconscious mind influences behaviors and thoughts without the individual’s awareness.

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7
Q

What is the ID’s primary function?

A

To house basic and aggressive drives, physical needs, and simple psychological needs

The ID operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.

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8
Q

What principle does the ID operate on?

A

Pleasure Principle

This principle focuses on immediate gratification and the reduction of discomfort.

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9
Q

What role does the Superego play in personality?

A

Houses the sense of right and wrong based on parental and cultural morality

The Superego develops during early childhood and acts as a moral compass.

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10
Q

What is the Ego’s function?

A

To balance the demands of the ID, Superego, and reality

The Ego operates according to the reality principle, assessing what is realistically possible.

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11
Q

What principle does the Ego operate on?

A

Reality Principle

This principle involves understanding the constraints of the real world when making decisions.

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12
Q

What are psychosexual stages?

A

Stages based on erogenous zones that must be met before progressing to the next stage

These stages are critical to personality development according to Freud.

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13
Q

What is Humanism?

A

A reaction to pessimistic determinism that emphasizes psychological strengths.

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14
Q

What does ‘Phallic symbol’ refer to?

A

An object that stands for the penis.

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15
Q

What is a Good Science approach?

A

An approach that is valid and can be replicated by other scientists.

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16
Q

What is a Poor approach?

A

An approach that is so complicated that it can explain or account for any observation.

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17
Q

What does ‘Anal-Explosive’ mean?

A

To be messy or disorganized through a process of undoing the desire to be orderly.

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18
Q

What is a Good Theory?

A

A theory that explains a large number of observations with a single model.

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19
Q

What are personality traits?

A

A relatively consistent tendency to think, feel, or behave in a characteristic way across a range of situations.

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20
Q

What does ‘the power of the situation’ imply?

A

Behavior is entirely determined by the situation.

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21
Q

What is Extroversion?

A

A personality trait associated with sociability.

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22
Q

What is Introversion?

A

A personality trait opposite to extroversion.

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23
Q

What is Neuroticism?

A

A personality trait associated with emotionality.

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24
Q

What does emotional stability refer to?

A

The opposite of neuroticism, indicating a balanced emotional state.

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25
What is Agreeableness?
A personality trait that reflects how much a person is agreeable or disagreeable.
26
What is Conscientiousness?
A personality trait associated with dependability and responsibility.
27
What is Openness?
A personality trait associated with curiosity and imagination.
28
What is temperament?
Inclination to engage in a certain style of thinking and feeling.
29
What does sociability refer to?
Preference for being in the company of others rather than alone.
30
What is emotionality?
Inclination to become aroused in emotional situations, particularly when distress, fear, or anger is involved.
31
What is activity in terms of temperament?
Preference for activity level and vigor, including intensity and tempo.
32
What is impulsivity?
Tendency to respond to stimuli without concern for consequences.
33
What characterizes collectivist culture?
Emphasizes the rights and responsibilities of the group over the individual.
34
What characterizes individualistic culture?
Emphasizes the rights and responsibilities of the individual over the group.
35
How does learning influence personality?
Learning influences personality by creating classical conditioned behaviors, such as phobias, and operantly conditioned behaviors, such as high stimulating activities due to reinforcement.
36
What is an example of operantly conditioned behavior in children?
Children given attention tend to become more outgoing, and they will be more outgoing in the future.
37
What is observational learning?
Observational learning occurs through watching others, not through reinforcement.
38
What does the sociocognitive view of personality emphasize?
The sociocognitive view of personality emphasizes that social interactions affect thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and that consistent thoughts, feelings, and behaviors create personality.
39
What are expectancies in the context of personality?
Expectancies are expectations that have a powerful influence on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, which in turn affect personality.
40
How do expectancies form?
Expectancies are based on experiences of a situation, which influence your thoughts.
41
What is the Cognitive - Affective Model?
Research shows that just because a person is social, it doesn't mean every situation will predict their behaviors.
42
What is the Personality Signature?
The concept that if a person has a particular trait and a particular situation occurs, then specific behavior would result.
43
How would you describe a person as nervous?
"Nervous when meeting new people."
44
What is the locus of Control?
A person's perception of the source of control over life's events when the cause of events is unclear.
45
What are the two types of locus of control?
* External: control coming from outside sources * Internal: control coming from within self
46
What does an external locus of control imply?
Feeling responsible for events due to outside influences.
47
What does an internal locus of control imply?
Feeling responsible for what occurs due to one's own actions.
48
What is self-efficacy?
A sense of being able to follow through and produce specific desired behaviors.
49
What is social cognition?
Ways people think about the social world, specifically how they perceive, attend to, remember, and infer about other people.
50
What are automatic processes?
Cognitive processing that occurs without awareness, with no conscious intent, and limited ability to be controlled once triggered.
51
What is an attitude?
Overall evaluation of some aspect of the world, including people, issues, or objects.
52
What is affective response?
Refers to your feelings about people, issues, or objects.
53
What is behavioral response?
Refers to your predisposition to act in a particular way.
54
What is cognitive response?
Refers to what you believe and know about an attitude.
55
What is cognitive dissonance?
Occurs when an attitude and behavior or two related attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors are inconsistent.
56
What is an indirect way to resolve cognitive dissonance?
Try to feel good about yourself in other areas of life.
57
What is a direct way to resolve cognitive dissonance?
Change your attitude or behavior, such as volunteering at a shelter.
58
What is trivializing in the context of cognitive dissonance?
Making an inconsistency between two conflicting attitudes seem less important.
59
What is persuasion?
When one person tries to change another person's attitude.
60
What is the elaboration likelihood model?
A model of persuasion as a dual-process theory for changing attitudes.
61
What is central processing in persuasion?
When a person is persuaded by the content of the message.
62
What is peripheral processing in persuasion?
When people judge the attractiveness of the content rather than the actual content itself.
63
What is mere exposure effect?
Change in attitude caused by being familiar with something.
64
What is a stereotype?
A belief or set of beliefs about a particular group of people.
65
What is prejudice?
An attitude, generally negative, towards members of a group.
66
What is discrimination?
Negative behavior towards individuals from a group that arises from unjustified negative attitudes about that group.
67
What is social categorization?
A cognitive operation that leads people to sort others automatically into categories of 'us' and 'them'.
68
What is an ingroup?
A person's own group, referred to as 'us'.
69
What is an outgroup?
A group other than a person's own, referred to as 'them'.
70
What is self-fulfilling prophecy?
A process by which the expectation that a person will behave a certain way affects the pattern of interaction, leading the person to behave as expected. ## Footnote Example: 'not my type' → 'definitely not my type'.
71
What are stereotype threats?
Occurs when people believe that a negative stereotype threatens characteristics important to them and that others will see them as conforming to that stereotype.
72
What is attribution?
An explanation for the cause of an event or behavior.
73
What is internal attribution?
Focuses on beliefs, goals, traits, or other characteristics; also called 'dispositional'.
74
What is external attribution?
Focuses on the situation; also called 'situational'.
75
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The strong tendency to interpret other people's behavior as arising from internal causes rather than external ones; also known as 'correspondence bias'.
76
What is self-serving bias?
A person's inclination to attribute their own failures to external causes and their successes to internal causes, while attributing others' failures to internal causes and their successes to external causes.
77
What is social categorization?
A cognitive operation that leads people to sort others automatically into categories of 'us' and 'them'.
78
What is an ingroup?
A person's own group, referred to as 'us'.
79
What is an outgroup?
A group other than a person's own, referred to as 'them'.
80
What is self-fulfilling prophecy?
A process by which the expectation that a person will behave a certain way affects the pattern of interaction, leading the person to behave as expected. ## Footnote Example: 'not my type' → 'definitely not my type'.
81
What are stereotype threats?
Occurs when people believe that a negative stereotype threatens characteristics important to them and that others will see them as conforming to that stereotype.
82
What is attribution?
An explanation for the cause of an event or behavior.
83
What is internal attribution?
Focuses on beliefs, goals, traits, or other characteristics; also called 'dispositional'.
84
What is external attribution?
Focuses on the situation; also called 'situational'.
85
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The strong tendency to interpret other people's behavior as arising from internal causes rather than external ones; also known as 'correspondence bias'.
86
What is self-serving bias?
A person's inclination to attribute their own failures to external causes and their successes to internal causes, while attributing others' failures to internal causes and their successes to external causes.
87
What is the impact of repeated contact on interpersonal relationships?
The more contact you have with someone, the more likely you are to think positively about them.
88
What does similarity refer to in interpersonal relationships?
Similarity varies in ways such as attitudes, communication styles, and shared activities.
89
What is the Social Exchange Theory?
It is an economic theory that incorporates operant conditioning, stating that humans form relationships to maintain them as long as they are personally rewarding.
90
What is companionate love?
An altruistic type of love characterized by expending time, attention, and resources on behalf of another person.
91
What is passionate love?
An intense feeling of being 'in love', typically involving attraction, mutual love, physical closeness, arousal, and fear that the relationship will end.
92
What are the three dimensions of the Triangular Model of Love?
The three dimensions are passion, intimacy, and commitment.
93
What does 'liking' refer to in the context of love?
Liking refers to intimacy without passion or commitment.
94
What is consummate love?
A type of love that includes all three dimensions: passion, intimacy, and commitment.
95
What is companionate love in the context of the Triangular Model?
Companionate love is represented as 'P + C', indicating a combination of passion and commitment.
96
What is infatuation in the context of the Triangular Model?
Infatuation is represented as 'P', indicating only passion without intimacy or commitment.
97
What does 'empty love' refer to?
Empty love is represented as 'C', indicating commitment without passion or intimacy.
98
What is nonlove?
Nonlove is represented as 'none', indicating the absence of passion, intimacy, and commitment.
99
What is fatuous love?
Fatuous love is represented as 'P + C', indicating passion and commitment without intimacy.
100
What is the majority-win rule?
A group decision-making viewpoint that the larger majority, the more likely it is that choice will win.
101
What is the truth-win rule?
A group decision-making process where the inherent correctness of a minority position is eventually recognized by the group.
102
What is group polarization?
The tendency of group members' opinions to become more extreme after group discussion.
103
What is groupthink?
A group process that arises when people try to solve problems together and accept one another's information without critical analysis. ## Footnote Characteristics include perceiving the group as invulnerable, believing the group is morally correct, self-censorship by members, and squashing dissenting opinions.
104
What is social loafing?
When some members do not contribute much to a shared group task as others do, letting others work proportionally harder.
105
What is social facilitation?
An increase in performance that can occur simply as a result of being part of a group or in the presence of other people.
106
What is altruism?
The motivation to increase another person's welfare.
107
What is the bystander effect?
The tendency for people not to offer help in an emergency, which increases proportionally with the number of bystanders.

Intro To Psychology (6 decks)

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