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Intro To Psychology > Section 5 > Flashcards

Section 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are psychological disorders?

A

Mental conditions characterized by cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that create significant distress and impair a person’s life in all aspects.

Psychological disorders can lead to significant harm.

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2
Q

What is Major Depressive Disorder?

A

At least two weeks of a depressed mood or loss of interest in nearly all activities, along with sleep disturbances, loss of energy, and feelings of hopelessness.

Symptoms include affect (mood), behavior (actions), and cognition (thoughts).

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3
Q

What characterizes Bipolar Disorder?

A

Mood disorders characterized by one or more episodes of mania or alternating episodes of hypomania and depression.

Prevalence in the US is approximately 2.6%.

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4
Q

Define a Manic Episode.

A

A period of at least one week during which an abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood persists.

Manic episodes can significantly affect functioning.

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5
Q

What are Anxiety Disorders?

A

Characterized by intense or pervasive anxiety or fear and extreme attempts to avoid the feeling.

These disorders can disrupt daily functioning.

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6
Q

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A

Excessive anxiety and worry that is not consistently related to a specific object or situation.

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7
Q

What defines Panic Disorder?

A

Frequent, unexpected panic attacks and fear of avoidance of such attacks.

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8
Q

What is a Phobia?

A

An exaggerated, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads a person to extreme lengths to avoid the feared stimulus.

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9
Q

What is Agoraphobia?

A

An anxiety disorder in which people fear or avoid places that might be difficult to leave should panic symptoms occur.

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10
Q

What is Social Anxiety Disorder?

A

Fear of public embarrassment or humiliation, leading the person to avoid situations likely to provoke this fear, also known as social phobia.

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11
Q

What are psychological disorders?

A

Mental conditions characterized by cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that create significant distress and impair a person’s life in all aspects.

Psychological disorders can lead to significant harm.

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12
Q

What is Major Depressive Disorder?

A

At least two weeks of a depressed mood or loss of interest in nearly all activities, along with sleep disturbances, loss of energy, and feelings of hopelessness.

Symptoms include affect (mood), behavior (actions), and cognition (thoughts).

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13
Q

What characterizes Bipolar Disorder?

A

Mood disorders characterized by one or more episodes of mania or alternating episodes of hypomania and depression.

Prevalence in the US is approximately 2.6%.

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14
Q

Define a Manic Episode.

A

A period of at least one week during which an abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood persists.

Manic episodes can significantly affect functioning.

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15
Q

What are Anxiety Disorders?

A

Characterized by intense or pervasive anxiety or fear and extreme attempts to avoid the feeling.

These disorders can disrupt daily functioning.

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16
Q

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A

Excessive anxiety and worry that is not consistently related to a specific object or situation.

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17
Q

What defines Panic Disorder?

A

Frequent, unexpected panic attacks and fear of avoidance of such attacks.

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18
Q

What is a Phobia?

A

An exaggerated, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads a person to extreme lengths to avoid the feared stimulus.

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19
Q

What is Agoraphobia?

A

An anxiety disorder in which people fear or avoid places that might be difficult to leave should panic symptoms occur.

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20
Q

What is Social Anxiety Disorder?

A

Fear of public embarrassment or humiliation, leading the person to avoid situations likely to provoke this fear, also known as social phobia.

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia?

A

Symptoms profoundly alter the patient’s behavior and thought.

Symptoms can be categorized into positive and negative types.

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22
Q

What are positive symptoms of Schizophrenia?

A

Excess or distortion of normal functions, such as hallucinations.

Hallucinations may involve seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not present.

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23
Q

What are negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?

A

Lessen or loss of normal functions, such as diminished expression.

This may include a lack of emotional expression or reduced social engagement.

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24
Q

Define Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

A

Presence of obsession and sometimes compulsion.

Obsessions are intrusive thoughts, while compulsions are repetitive behaviors.

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25
What is an obsession in OCD?
Recurrent, persistent thoughts, images, or impulses that feel intrusive and inappropriate. ## Footnote These thoughts are often difficult to suppress.
26
What is a compulsion in OCD?
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels compelled to perform in response to an obsession. ## Footnote These actions are intended to prevent a feared event or situation.
27
What characterizes Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
Persistent intrusive symptoms following a traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma, negative changes in thought/mood, heightened arousal. ## Footnote Symptoms last longer than one month.
28
What is Anorexia Nervosa?
Significant weight loss with fear of gaining weight or behaviors that interfere with weight gain and a distorted body image. ## Footnote Individuals may see themselves as overweight even when underweight.
29
What is Bulimia Nervosa?
Recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by attempts to prevent weight gain. ## Footnote This may include purging, fasting, or excessive exercise.
30
Define Personality Disorder.
Relatively stable personality traits that are inflexible/maladaptive, causing significant distress or difficulty with daily functioning. ## Footnote These traits are often rigid and pervasive across various situations.
31
What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?
A long-standing pattern of disregard for other people, to the point of violating their rights. ## Footnote This may manifest as deceitfulness, impulsivity, or lack of remorse.
32
What are the three levels of analysis in understanding psychological disorders?
Brain, person, group
33
What does the diathesis-stress model explain?
How psychological disorders develop through a predisposition and specific stress factors
34
What are the components of diathesis in the diathesis-stress model?
* Genes * Abnormal brain structure/functioning * Neurotransmitter imbalance * Particular ways of thinking
35
What factors contribute to stress in the diathesis-stress model?
* Noxious physical stress * Trauma, abuse, neglect * Relationship problems * Cultural-related stress
36
True or False: A person with the genetic predisposition for a disorder will definitely develop that disorder.
False
37
What is required for a psychological disorder to likely develop according to the diathesis-stress model?
Strong enough psychological stress/social factors
38
What is the biosychosocial approach?
An approach that includes biological, psychological, social, and sometimes digital factors
39
Fill in the blank: The diathesis-stress model combines a predisposition to a disorder (_______) with specific stress factors.
diathesis
40
What implication is suggested regarding individuals not genetically or neurologically vulnerable to a disorder?
They are unlikely to develop that disorder when experiencing stress
41
What is the primary goal of Insight-Oriented Therapy?
To remove distressing symptoms by understanding the psychological cause of them through personal insights. ## Footnote This approach emphasizes deep psychological understanding and self-awareness.
42
What does Client-Centered Therapy emphasize?
Free will, personal growth, and self-actualization. ## Footnote This therapy approach is focused on the individual's perspective and experiences.
43
Define Mindfulness in psychological terms.
A state of non-judgmental perception of the present moment. ## Footnote Mindfulness is often used as a technique in various therapeutic practices.
44
What is the main objective of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?
To help clients reduce problematic behaviors and irrational thoughts while developing new, more adaptive behaviors and beliefs. ## Footnote CBT is a widely used therapeutic approach that combines cognitive and behavioral techniques.
45
What does Behavioral Therapy focus on?
Modifying observable maladaptive behaviors. ## Footnote This therapy often involves a directive role from the therapist.
46
How is success typically assessed in Behavioral Therapy?
By the client experiencing less frequent or intense symptoms. ## Footnote This reflects the effectiveness of the behavioral modifications made during therapy.
47
What is Exposure in a therapeutic context?
Repeated encounters with a stimulus to decrease responsiveness to that stimulus. ## Footnote This technique is often used in treating phobias and anxiety disorders.
48
What is Stimulus Control?
Controlling how often a person encounters a stimulus that elicits a conditioned response, aiming to decrease or increase the frequency of that response. ## Footnote This technique can be applied in various behavioral therapies.
49
Provide an example of Stimulus Control.
Buying one donut instead of twelve. ## Footnote This illustrates controlling the response to a tempting stimulus.
50
What is the procedure of systematic desensitization ?
A method where individuals are taught to be relaxed in the presence of a feared object or situation through multiple sessions. ## Footnote This technique involves relaxation techniques and gradual exposure to fear stimuli.
51
What are Self-Monitoring Techniques used for?
To help clients identify problematic behaviors, their antecedents, and consequences. ## Footnote These techniques are crucial for self-awareness and behavior change.
52
What is Biofeedback?
A process of training the patient to gain control over unconscious bodily processes using electrical monitoring equipment. ## Footnote Biofeedback is often used for stress management and relaxation training.
53
Who developed Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy?
Albert Ellis
54
What does Cognitive Therapy aim to help clients do?
Think realistically and rationally to counter distressing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
55
Define Cognitive Distortions.
Biases about events and people, including oneself, that are inconsistent with reality
56
What do cognitive therapists encourage clients to view beliefs as?
Hypotheses to be tested
57
What is the main focus of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy?
Combines specific techniques of cognitive and behavioral therapies
58
What is the purpose of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy?
Provides new coping strategies for a wide range of clients and disorders
59
Who is associated with Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)?
Marsha Linehan
60
What symptoms does DBT address?
Symptoms of emotional instability
61
What techniques does DBT incorporate?
Techniques from mindfulness and encourages a nonjudgmental approach
62
Fill in the blank: Cognitive Distortions are biases about events and people, including oneself, that are inconsistent with _______.
reality
63
True or False: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is only effective for a narrow range of disorders.
False
64
What approach does DBT encourage clients to adopt regarding their emotions?
To accept things as they are
65
What is a key objective of Cognitive Therapy?
To help clients counter distressing thoughts
66
What does DBT validate?
Life experiences
67
What is Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?
A therapy that helps understand how aspects of current relationships can affect mood and behavior. ## Footnote Used for Depression, Bulimia Nervosa, and PTSD.
68
What is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR)?
A PTSD treatment that involves asking the client to visualize the disturbing images that led to the trauma.
69
What is Motivational Interviewing?
A therapy used for addictions that assumes the client will be responsible for their own change, aiming to increase the client's motivation for change.
70
What is Eclectic Therapy?
A therapy style that uses a variety of theoretical approaches and techniques.
71
What are the types of therapy settings?
Individual, Group, Family, and Self-help groups.
72
What does SSRI stand for?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
73
In what decade were SSRIs developed?
1980s
74
What are SNRIs?
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
75
What is the primary focus of psychopharmacology?
The study of changes in a person's mood, thinking, and behavior brought about by drugs
76
What type of medication is used to treat schizophrenia?
Antipsychotic / Neuroleptic medication
77
Name two antipsychotic medications.
* Thorazine * Haldol * Risperdal
78
What are the benefits of antipsychotic medications after the first psychotic episode?
Better long-term outcomes
79
List three examples of SSRIs.
* Prozac * Zoloft * Paxil
80
What are some common side effects of SSRIs?
* Sexual disinterest * Difficulty achieving orgasm * Fatigue
81
What do SNRIs affect?
Both serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmitter systems
82
Name two examples of SNRIs.
* Serzone * Effexor * Remeron
83
What is the placebo effect?
The phenomenon where an inactive substance has medicinal effects
84
What percentage of antidepressant effects can be achieved through placebo according to studies?
25-60%
85
What type of medication are benzodiazepines?
Anti-anxiety medication
86
How long can benzodiazepines reduce panic symptoms?
Up to 36 hours
87
What does Electrocumeulave therapy involve?
Electric current induces a controlled train seizure ## Footnote Used for disabling psychological disorders when medication is not effective or recommended.
88
What is a potential benefit of ECT?
Can reduce symptoms of psychological disorders ## Footnote Researchers have yet to discover why it is effective.
89
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?
Uses an electromagnetic coil on the scalp to transmit pulses of high-intensity magnetism to the brain in short bursts.
90
What is the duration of the pulses in TMS?
100 - 200 microseconds.
91
What are the advantages of TMS?
Easier to administer with minimal side effects ## Footnote Side effects include headaches in 5 - 20% of patients.

Intro To Psychology (6 decks)

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