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Intro To Psychology > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

Psychology is the science of the mind and behavior.

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2
Q

What are the main components of psychology’s history?

A

The history of psychology includes philosophy, physiology, and behavioral components.

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3
Q

What are the levels of analysis in psychology?

A

Psychologists use various levels of analysis, including brain, group, and person.

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4
Q

What does the level of brain analysis involve?

A

The level of brain analysis involves both the brain and its structure.

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5
Q

What does the level of person analysis encompass?

A

The level of person analysis encompasses mental contents and processes.

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6
Q

What does the level of group analysis incorporate?

A

The level of group analysis incorporates social and cultural interactions.

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7
Q

What is mental content?

A

Mental content consists of knowledge, beliefs, decisions, and feelings.

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8
Q

What are mental processes?

A

Mental processes are operations that work together to complete functions such as attention, perception, and memory.

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9
Q

Who is considered the founder of psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

His work resulted in the school of thought: Structuralism.

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10
Q

What is the primary goal of Structuralism?

A

To identify the building blocks of consciousness.

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11
Q

What are the two types of elements identified by Structuralism?

A

Sensations and feelings.

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12
Q

What are sensations?

A

They arise from the eyes, ears, and other sense organs.

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13
Q

What are feelings?

A

Emotions such as fear, anger, and love.

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14
Q

What is introspection?

A

The replay of an event in time and place to bring awareness to one’s sensations, perceptions, and feelings.

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15
Q

How is introspection viewed today?

A

As a kind of meditation or internal assessment of behavior, reactions, and interpretations.

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16
Q

What challenge does introspection face?

A

A considerable portion of a person’s mental content and processing cannot be accessed via introspection.

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17
Q

Who is often credited as the founder of Functionalism?

A

William James.

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18
Q

What did Functionalism seek to understand?

A

Why humans think and behave as they do.

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19
Q

What theory inspired Functionalism?

A

Darwin’s theory of evolution.

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20
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The theory that certain organisms possess characteristics that enable them to survive and reproduce more than others.

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21
Q

What is perception?

A

Perception is the process of organizing, interpreting, and consciously experiencing sensory information.

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22
Q

What is Gestalt psychology?

A

Gestalt psychology focuses on the macro-level of psychology, considering behavior as a whole rather than the micro-level view of the parts.

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23
Q

Who founded behaviorism?

A

John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner are key figures in the founding of behaviorism.

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24
Q

What is reinforcement in behaviorism?

A

Reinforcement is a key idea in behaviorism, where a reward increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Example: Payment for a job well done serves as positive reinforcement.

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25
What did Sigmund Freud contribute to psychology?
Sigmund Freud stressed that the mind is not a single entity, introducing concepts such as the id, ego, superego, and unconscious.
26
What are defense mechanisms?
Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies that protect a person from anxiety based on unacceptable thoughts or feelings.
27
What is psychodynamic theory?
Psychodynamic theory posits that mental events are engaged in continuous push-pull interactions among conscious and unconscious thoughts and feelings- Segmund Frued
28
Who is Abraham Maslow?
Abraham Maslow is known for humanistic psychology, which emphasizes personal growth and the ability to choose life-satisfying paths.
29
What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
includes physiological needs, safety needs, belonging, esteem, cognitive, aesthetic and self-actualization. ## Footnote Example: Water/food/air, shelter, sense of love, appreciation, understanding, harmony/order, be all that you are
30
What is Cognitive Psychology?
Cognitive Psychology attempts to characterize mental events that allow information to be stored and operated internally.
31
What is Cognitive Neuroscience?
Cognitive Neuroscience blends cognitive psychology and neuroscience to explain how the brain stores and processes information.
32
What was significant in the 1950s - 1960s regarding psychology?
During the 1950s - 1960s, computer models paved the way for understanding how the mind works.
33
What does Feminist Psychology emphasize?
Feminist Psychology places great value on the characteristics and experiences of women.
34
What are the goals of Feminist Psychology?
Provide support, promote female leadership, advance awareness, and contribute to the advancement of scientific careers.
35
What issues does Feminist Psychology highlight?
It highlights issues arising in professional work ethics and commits to diversity, public interest, and social change.
36
What is Multiculturalism in psychology?
Multiculturalism values working with the whole person by respecting all types of diversity, including gender, sexual orientation, race, class, religion, and cultural practices.
37
What does the Theory of Multiculturalism advocate?
It advocates avoiding the use of biased theory and expanding women's life choices.
38
What practices does Multiculturalism aim to eliminate?
It aims to eliminate subtle practices of oppression and power.
39
What is the goal of developing optimal client-centered relationships?
The goal is to enhance communication by eliminating the use of biased language, both verbal and non-verbal.
40
What does Evolutionary Psychology assume?
Evolutionary Psychology assumes that certain cognitive strategies and goals are so important that natural selection has built them into human brains.
41
What are the three major types of psychologists?
1. Clinical Psychologist 2. Counseling Psychologist 3. Academic Psychologist
42
What is the role of a Clinical Psychologist?
Trained to provide therapy and administer and interpret tests.
43
What is psychotherapy?
The process of helping people learn to change so they can cope with troublesome thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
44
What does a Counseling Psychologist do?
Trained to help people with issues that naturally arise during the course of life.
45
What is Academic Psychology focused on?
Teaching and conducting research.
46
What is Applied Psychology?
Uses principles and theories of psychology to improve products and procedures and conducts research to help solve specific problems.
47
What is the current state of Psychology as a discipline?
Psychology is an expanding discipline with multiple areas of interest.
48
What are the prevalent areas of employment for psychologists?
Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists.
49
What is Naturalistic Observation?
Research entering real-life environment to observe behavior in a natural setting ## Footnote Cannot show how they are observed
50
What are Case Studies used for?
Focus on a single participant to examine their psychological characteristics ## Footnote Vital to not generalize from a single case
51
What is the purpose of Surveys in research?
To ask a group of people a set of questions as an inexpensive way to gather data ## Footnote Respondents may not always be honest or accurate
52
Define Correlation Research.
Type of non-experimental research measuring the statistical relation between two variables
53
What is a Positive Correlation?
A relation where an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in another variable
54
What is a Negative Correlation?
The opposite of positive correlation, where an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in another
55
What does the Correlation Coefficient range from?
-1.0 to 1.0 ## Footnote Closer to -1.0 = stronger negative correlation; closer to 1.0 = stronger positive correlation
56
What is an Independent Variable?
Aspect of a situation that is deliberately and independently varied while another aspect is measured
57
What is a Dependent Variable?
Aspect of a situation that is measured as the values of an independent variable are changed ## Footnote The value of the dependent variable depends on the value of the independent variable
58
Define Confounding Variable.
Aspect of a situation that varies along with the independent variables of interest and could be the actual basis for what is measured
59
What are the three types of research methods?
* Naturalistic Observation * Case Studies * Surveys
60
Fill in the blank: A type of non-experimental research that measures the statistical relation between two variables is called _______.
Correlation Research
61
What is an experimental group?
A group that receives the complete procedure that defines the experiment.
62
What is a control group?
A group that is treated exactly the same way as the experimental group, except that the independent variable that is the focus of study is not manipulated.
63
What is random assignment?
The technique of assigning participants randomly to experimental and control groups so that members of the two groups are comparable in all relevant ways.
64
What are the six steps to the Scientific Method?
1. Observe and question 2. Research 3. Formulate a Hypothesis 4. Test the Hypothesis 5. Analyze Data 6. Draw Conclusions
65
What is the Scientific Method?
A system of gathering data to lead to the formulation and validation of a theory.
66
What is the purpose of observation in the Scientific Method?
The research's purpose is to learn more about an issue and add to the general body of knowledge.
67
What is involved in the first step of the Scientific Method?
Observation and data are the primary evidence informing a study.
68
What is the second step of the Scientific Method?
Research: conducting research beginning with developing research questions.
69
What is an example of direct observation?
A teacher observes that students who eat breakfast at school appear more attentive than children who do not. ## Footnote Direct observation involves a researcher taking careful, methodical notes on a person, process, or trend.
70
What is a hypothesis?
A proposed explanation that serves as the starting point for investigation or research.
71
What does a hypothesis typically specify?
A relationship between two or more variables.
72
What is the purpose of testing the hypothesis?
To ensure the hypothesis is specific enough to produce valid results.
73
What are independent and dependent variables?
Variables involved in the study that need to be clearly defined.
74
What is an operational definition?
A statement about concepts in a research study that specifies how they will be manipulated and measured.
75
What is a sample in research?
A group that is drawn from a larger population and that is used for observation.
76
What do researchers do after testing a hypothesis?
They analyze the results, draw conclusions, and share their findings.
77
What does a study aim to do?
A study aims to answer the authors' hypothesis.
78
What is the role of a researcher in a counter study?
A researcher conducts a counter study to challenge or validate the original findings.
79
What is reliability in research?
Reliability refers to consistently providing the same results each time.
80
What is validity in research?
Validity measures what a method is supposed to measure.
81
What is sampling bias?
Sampling bias occurs when participants are not chosen at random.
82
What is APA?
APA stands for American Psychological Association, which has developed guidelines and general principles for ethical practice in psychology.
83
What are the safeguards in research ethics?
Safeguards include ensuring that risks participants encounter are outweighed by benefits, allowing participants to withdraw at any time, and informing them of all matters before participating.
84
What is informed consent?
Informed consent is an agreement that requires participants to be told what will be asked of them, the risks involved, and the benefits of the procedure.
85
What is an Institutional Review Board?
An Institutional Review Board is a committee that considers the potential risks and benefits of each research study and decides if it can be conducted.
86
What is a debrief?
A debrief is an interview conducted after a study to inform participants about the study and address any questions they may have.
87
What are the steps psychologists need to take in clinical practice?
Psychologists need to take certain steps in respecting confidentiality to establish patient relations.
88
What are the general principles developed by the American Psychological Association?
The general principles include Beneficence and Nonmaleficence, Fidelity and Responsibility, Integrity, and Justice.
89
What is neuroethics?
Neuroethics is a new branch of ethics that focuses on the possible risks and benefits of brain research, including using brain anatomy and physiology to predict and control a person's behavior.

Intro To Psychology (6 decks)

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