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Intro To Psychology > Section 3 > Flashcards

Section 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Sugar Pitt an example of?

A

Placebo

Sugar Pitt refers to a scenario or example related to placebo effects in experiments.

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2
Q

What is the main premise of classical conditioning?

A

A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that causes a reflexive behavior

This association leads the neutral stimulus to elicit a response on its own.

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3
Q

Define unconditioned stimulus.

A

A stimulus that elicits an automatic unconditioned response without requiring prior learning

Example: Bacteria causing a nausea response.

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4
Q

What is an unconditioned response?

A

A reflexive or automatic response elicited by a particular stimulus

Example: Nausea after eating.

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5
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

An originally neutral stimulus that produces a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Example: Smell of eggs during the experiment.

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6
Q

Define conditioned response.

A

A response that occurs after the conditioned stimulus has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Example: Feeling nausea from the smell/taste of eggs later.

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7
Q

What is acquisition in classical conditioning?

A

The initial learning of the conditioned response

This is the phase where the association between the stimulus and response is formed.

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8
Q

What is avoidance learning?

A

Learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unpleasant unconditioned stimulus leading to avoidance of the conditioned stimulus

This form of learning helps animals avoid negative experiences.

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9
Q

Define conditioned emotional response.

A

An emotionally charged conditioned response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus

This can manifest in various emotional reactions based on learned associations.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ is a stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior learning.

A

unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

True or False: A conditioned response occurs without any prior learning.

A

False

A conditioned response is dependent on prior pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

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12
Q

What are phobias?

A

An irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

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13
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

The tendency for the conditioned response to be elicited by neutral stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus.

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14
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

The ability to distinguish among stimuli that are relatively similar to the conditioned stimulus and to respond only to the actual conditioned stimulus.

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15
Q

What is taste aversion?

A

A classically conditioned avoidance of a specific food or taste.

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16
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A method of learning that occurs through rewards for responses to assist an individual in making an association between a particular behavior and a consequence.

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17
Q

What are the components of operant conditioning?

A

Stimulus, response, and consequence.

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18
Q

What is an example of a stimulus in operant conditioning?

A

The pedal.

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19
Q

What is an example of a response in operant conditioning?

A

Pushing the pedal, which is a choice for the cat.

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20
Q

What is an example of a consequence in operant conditioning?

A

The fish.

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21
Q

What does the Law of Effect state?

A

Actions that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are more likely to be repeated.

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22
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

An object or event that, when following a response, increases the likelihood that an animal will make that response again when the stimulus is present.

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23
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

A designed reinforcer is presented after a response, increasing the likelihood of that response in the future.

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24
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

An unpleasant object or event is removed after a response, increasing the likelihood of that response in the future.

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25
What is punishment?
An unpleasant object or event is presented after a response, decreasing the likelihood of that response in the future.
26
What is positive punishment?
A response leads to an undesired consequence, decreasing the likelihood of that response in the future.
27
What is negative punishment?
A response leads to a pleasant object or event being removed, decreasing the likelihood of that response in the future.
28
What are primary reinforcers?
Events or objects, such as food, water, or relief from pain, that are inherently reinforcing.
29
What are secondary reinforcers?
Events or objects (such as attention) that are not inherently reinforcing but have acquired reinforcing value through learning.
30
What is behavior modification?
A technique through which behavior is changed using secondary reinforcers.
31
What is immediate reinforcement?
Reinforcement given immediately after the desired response is exhibited.
32
What is delayed reinforcement?
Reinforcement given some period after the desired response is exhibited.
33
What is shaping?
The gradual process of reinforcing an animal for responses that get closer to the desired response.
34
What are successive approximations?
A series of relatively simple responses involved in shaping complex responses.
35
What is continuous reinforcement?
Reinforcement given for each desired response.
36
What is partial reinforcement?
Reinforcement given only intermittently after desired responses.
37
What are the major models of memory?
There are four types of memory: Semantic, Episodic, Explicit, and Implicit.
38
What is Semantic memory?
Semantic memory refers to the meaning of words, concepts, and general facts about the world.
39
What is Episodic memory?
Episodic memory involves past events that include a certain time, place, and circumstance.
40
What is Explicit memory?
Explicit memory can be retrieved voluntarily and brought into short-term memory; also called declarative.
41
What is Implicit memory?
Implicit memory cannot be retrieved voluntarily and predisposes a person to process information or behave in certain ways in the presence of specific stimuli; also called nondeclarative.
42
What is a Habit in terms of memory?
A habit is a well-learned response that is carried out automatically when the appropriate stimulus is present.
43
What is Controlled Processing?
Controlled Processing requires paying attention to each step of a task and using working memory to coordinate the steps; relies on explicit memories.
44
What is Automatic Processing?
Automatic Processing allows you to carry out a sequence of steps without having to pay attention to each one; relies on implicit memories.
45
What is Priming?
Priming occurs when having performed a task predisposes you to perform the same or an associated task again in the future.
46
What is Repetition in the context of memory?
Repetition is a form of priming that makes the same information more easily accessed in the future.
47
What is the process of memory?
Memory encodes, stores, and retrieves information.
48
What are the three types of memory stores?
Sensory, Short-term, and Long-term memory.
49
What is sensory memory?
A type of memory that holds a large amount of perceived information for a very brief time, typically less than one second.
50
What is short-term memory?
Also called immediate memory, it can briefly retain a small amount of information.
51
What is long-term memory?
It holds a huge amount of information for a long time, ranging from hours to years.
52
What is the central executive in memory?
A set of processes that transform and interpret information into two types of short-term memory when planning, reasoning, or resolving a problem.
53
What is working memory?
A system that combines short-term memory and a central executive to operate on information for planning, reasoning, and problem-solving.
54
What is the primacy effect?
Items at the beginning of a list are remembered better.
55
What is the recency effect?
Items at the end of a list are remembered better.
56
What is elaborative encoding?
A type of mnemonic device where the individual frames new information in a meaningful way to recall it easier.
57
What is flashbulb memory?
A special case of memory, vividly captured like a snapshot by an internal camera, including details such as time, date, and location.
58
What is recall?
The act of bringing explicit information to awareness; it is the transfer of explicit information from long-term to short-term memory.
59
What is recognition?
The act of successfully matching an encoded stimulus to information about that stimulus that was previously stored in memory.
60
What are cues?
Stimuli, thoughts, or feelings that trigger or enhance remembering, serving as reminders of an object or event.
61
What is state-dependent retrieval?
Memory retrieval that is better if it occurs in the same psychological state that was present when the information was first encoded.
62
What is context-dependent retrieval?
Memory retrieval that is better if it occurs in the same place/context where the information was first encoded.
63
What are false memories?
The recollection of events that did not actually happen.
64
What is distortion of memory?
Memories that differ from what actually occurred.
65
What is encoding failure?
Failure to process important information well enough to ensure that it is fully entered into long-term memory.
66
What is interference?
Occurs when information disrupts the encoding or retrieval of other information.
67
What is retroactive interference?
When new memories hinder an individual's ability to retain past memories.
68
What is proactive interference?
When information already stored in memory makes it difficult to learn new information.
69
What is amnesia?
A loss of memory over an entire span; not like normally forgetting.
70
What is organic amnesia?
Arises after the brain has been damaged by injury or disease.
71
What is functional amnesia?
Typically arises after psychological trauma or extreme stress.
72
What is retrograde amnesia?
A type of amnesia that disrupts previous memories.
73
What is anterograde amnesia?
Amnesia that leaves intact memories that were already consolidated but prevents the storing of new facts.

Intro To Psychology (6 decks)

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