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Intro To Psychology > Study Guide > Flashcards

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1
Q

Define psychology using the words include science, mind, and behavior.

A

Psychology is the science/study of the mind and behavior.

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2
Q

What are the three levels of analysis in psychology?

A
  • Brain (organ itself)
  • Person (mental contents and mental process)
  • Group (collections of people shape mind/behavior)
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3
Q

Match the school of thought with its description: Humanism.

A

Allows people to choose life-fulfilling paths and contribute to their own personal growth.

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4
Q

Match the school of thought with its description: Gestalt.

A

Consciousness, particularly as it arises during perception or the organizing and interpreting of sensory information.

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5
Q

Match the school of thought with its description: Structuralism.

A

Introspection is the replay of an event in time and place to bring into awareness one’s sensations, perceptions, and feelings while the event is occurring.

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6
Q

Match the school of thought with its description: Functionalism.

A

Why humans think, feel, and behave as they do.

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7
Q

Match the school of thought with its description: Behaviorism.

A

How a specific stimulus evokes a specific response.

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8
Q

Match the school of thought with its description: Psychodynamic.

A

Specifies that mental events are engaged in continual push-and-pull interactions among conscious and unconscious thoughts and feelings.

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9
Q

What are some of the major types of psychologists today?

A
  • Clinical and Counseling
  • Academic
  • Applied
  • Private-Sector
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10
Q

Explain the types of research in psychology.

A
  • Descriptive: observations in the natural setting
  • Correlational: observe correlations between two variables
  • Experimental: controlled situations observing effects of altering variables
  • Case Study: a single person, place, or object being studied
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11
Q

What does IRB stand for and what do they do?

A

Institutional Review Board: a committee that considers the potential risks and benefits of each research study.

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12
Q

What are important aspects of Informed Consent?

A

An agreement by potential subjects of an experiment that requires them to be told what they will be asked to do and the possible risks and benefits.

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13
Q

Define sensation.

A

The result of neural responses after physical energy stimulates a receptor cell.

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14
Q

Define perception.

A

Perception arises in two steps: organizing sensory signals and interpreting them.

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15
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that causes a reflexive behavior.

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16
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for responses.

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17
Q

Define independent and dependent variables.

A
  • Independent Variable: manipulated variable
  • Dependent Variable: measured variable
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18
Q

Define positive and negative correlations.

A
  • Positive Correlation: both variables increase together
  • Negative Correlation: one variable increases while the other decreases
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19
Q

What is the difference between validity and reliability?

A
  • Validity: verifies it does what it is supposed to do
  • Reliability: consistently does what it is supposed to do
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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the master gland that sends signals to others.

A

Pituitary

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21
Q

Identify the function of the Cerebellum.

A

Physical coordination, estimating time, and paying attention.

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22
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in memory and arousal?

A

Acetylcholine

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23
Q

What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning?

A

Glutamate

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ regulates mood and sleep.

A

Serotonin

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25
What does the term 'top-down processing' refer to?
Guided by knowledge, expectation, or belief.
26
What is the role of the amygdala?
Involved in fear and strong emotions like anger.
27
What is a flashbulb memory?
A vivid and detailed memory of an emotionally significant event.
28
What is the difference between recall and recognition?
* Recall: memories from long-term brought into short-term * Recognition: remembering by a feeling of familiarity.
29
Fill in the blank: Jacqie seems to suffer from _____ amnesia.
Retrograde
30
Fill in the blank: Jamie seems to be dealing with _____ amnesia.
Anterograde
31
What are nondeclarative memories?
Memories that predispose a person to process information or behave in certain ways in the presence of specific stimuli ## Footnote Also known as implicit memories.
32
What is context-dependent memory?
Memory that is influenced by the context in which it is learned
33
What is state-dependent memory?
Memory that is influenced by the individual's internal state at the time of encoding
34
What are flashbulb memories?
Vivid and detailed memories of significant events
35
What is recall in memory?
Bringing memories from long-term storage into short-term use
36
What is recognition in memory?
A form of remembering characterized by a feeling of familiarity
37
What are false memories?
Memories that people believe to be true but are actually distorted or fabricated
38
Fill in the blanks: Jacqie was unable to remember anything from before the car accident, but Jamie was unable to remember any specific details after it. Jacqie seems to suffer from _____ amnesia, while Jamie seems to be dealing with ______ amnesia.
Retrograde; Anterograde
39
Who is Carl Rogers?
A theorist who introduced Unconditional Positive Regard and redefined self-actualization
40
What concept did Freud introduce regarding personality?
Unconscious thoughts, feelings, and conflicts shaped through the Id, Ego, and SuperEgo
41
What does the Big 5 personality model represent?
OCEAN or CANOE, describing five factors of personality
42
What are the three super factors in the Big 3 personality model?
Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism
43
Define temperament.
An inclination to engage in a certain style of thinking, feeling, or behaving
44
How does gender influence personality?
Women tend to be more empathic and nurturing, while men score higher on traits of separateness and self-sufficiency
45
What is social role theory?
A theory that explains how boys and girls learn different skills and beliefs based on societal roles
46
What role do genetics play in personality?
Personality aspects are likely influenced by genes, as shown by similarities in twins
47
What are the three components of attitude?
Affective, Behavioral, Cognitive
48
What is cognitive dissonance?
The mental discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes
49
Define stereotype.
A widely held but oversimplified belief about a group of people
50
Define prejudice.
Preconceived opinion not based on reason or actual experience
51
Define discrimination.
Unjust treatment of different categories of people
52
What does realistic conflict theory explain?
The conflict and discrimination that arise between groups competing for the same resources
53
What is group polarization?
The tendency for group discussion to enhance the group's prevailing attitudes
54
What is groupthink?
A phenomenon where the desire for harmony in a group results in irrational decision-making
55
What is social loafing?
The tendency for individuals to put in less effort when working in a group than when working alone
56
What is the bystander effect?
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present
57
What are the three factors in psychological disorders?
Distress, impairment, risk of harm
58
What are the symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
Obsessions and compulsions
59
What are three examples of obsessions in OCD?
* Fear of contamination * Fear of harming others * Need for symmetry
60
What are three examples of compulsions in OCD?
* Excessive cleaning * Repeated checking * Counting rituals
61
What are the three clusters of personality disorders?
* Cluster A: Odd or eccentric behaviors * Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors * Cluster C: Anxious or fearful behaviors
62
What is the diathesis-stress model?
A model that describes a predisposition to a disorder (diathesis) and specific factors that trigger its onset (stress)
63
What are the four factors analyzed in the biopsychosocial approach?
* Biological * Psychological * Social * Environmental
64
What is the first goal of Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)?
To teach clients skills for managing emotions and relationships
65
What are SSRIs used for?
Treatment of mood disorders like depression
66
What are SNRIs used for?
Treatment of mood disorders, particularly depression and anxiety
67
What medications are available for anxiety-related disorders?
Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed
68
What is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) used for?
Treatment for severe depression and other psychological disorders
69
What are antipsychotic medications used to treat?
Schizophrenia
70
What medications are used for the treatment of depression?
Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil
71
What medications are used for the treatment of anxiety?
Benzodiazepines such as alprazolam, lorazepam, and clonazepam
72
What medications are used for the treatment of bipolar disorder?
Serzone, Effexor, and Remeron

Intro To Psychology (6 decks)

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