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section 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Experimental control

A

Aka functional relations
Analysis
Control

When a predictable change in behavior can be reliably produced by the systematic manipulations of some aspect of the individuals environment

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2
Q

4 important behavior elements

A

Behavior is individual

Behavior is continuous

Behavior is determined - by functional relations it holds to other events

Behavior variability is extrinsic to the organism

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3
Q

6 components of experiments in abs

A

At least one subject

At least on behavior

At least one setting

At least one treatment

A measurement system and ongoing analysis of data

An experimental design

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4
Q

Experimental question

A

Brief but specific statements of what the researcher wants to learn from experiment

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5
Q

At least 1 subject design

A

Aka
Single case designs
Within subject
Intra-subject design

Single subject doesn’t always mean one person- subject acts as his/her own control

Each subject (usually 4-8) data is graphed separately

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6
Q

At least 1 behavior

A

Aka dependent variable

1 DV is measured

Provide data patterns that can serve as controls for evaluating and replicating the effects of an IV

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7
Q

Collateral effect

A

Phenomenon in which the IV effects behaviors other than the targeted behavior

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8
Q

2 types of experimental designs

A

Nonparametric analysis

Parametric analysis

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9
Q

Nonparametric analysis

A

IV is either present or absent during study

Meds are given and taken away during study

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10
Q

Parametric analysis

A

The value of the IV is manipulated

Various doses of of medicine are given during the study

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11
Q

Treatment package

A

Aka behavioral package

When multiple Ivs are bundled into one program - such as token economic with praise and time out

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12
Q

Component analysis

A

Looks at effect of each part of treatment package

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13
Q

Steady state responding

A

Aka stable state responding

Pattern of responding that exhibits very little variation in its measured dimensional quantities over a period of time

Provides the basis for baseline logic

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14
Q

Baseline logic

A

Refers to experimental reasoning

Prediction
Verification
Replication

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15
Q

Steady state strategy

A

Repeated exposure of a given subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate extraneous influences on behavior and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition

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16
Q

4 patterns of baseline data

A

DAVS

Descending baseline

Ascending baseline

Variable baseline

Stable baseline

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17
Q

3 parts of baseline logic

A

Prediction

Verification

Replication

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18
Q

5 main experimental designs

A

Multiple baseline

Changing criterion

Reversal

Alternating treatments

Withdrawal

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19
Q

Multiple baseline design

A

Most widely used

Can do multiple baseline across

Behaviors
Settings
Subjects

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20
Q

Multiple baseline across behaviors

A

2 or more different behaviors of the SAME SUBJECT

Each subject serves as his/her own control

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21
Q

Multiple baseline across settings

A

A single behavior is targeted in 2 or more different settings or conditions.

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22
Q

Multiple baseline across subjects

A

One target behavior for 2 or more subjects in the same settings

Most widely used multiple baseline design

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23
Q

2 variations of multiple baseline design

A

Multiple probe design

Delayed multiple baseline design

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24
Q

Multiple probe design

A

Analyzes relation between the IV and acquisition of skill sequence

Instead of simultaneous baselines, probes provide the basis for determining if behavior change occurred prior to intervention

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25
Delayed multiple baseline design
I tail baseline and intervention begin and subsequent baselines are added in a delayed or staggered fashion Effective when reversal design is not possible, limited resources preclude a full scale design and when a new behavior, subject, or setting becomes available.
26
Guidelines for multiple baseline design
Select independent, yet functionally similar baselines Select concurrent and plausibly related multiplied baselines Do not apply the IV to the next behavior too soon Vary significantly the lengths of multiple baseline Intervene on the most stable baselines first
27
Changing criterion design
Experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment There is only one behavior in this design
28
Guidelines for changing criterion design
Length of phases- vary the length of each phase Magnitude of criterion change- size of change between each criterion should vary Number of criterion changes - more changes the better proof
29
Reversal design
Aka A b a b B a b Design where researcher reverses responding to a level obtained in a previous condition Alternation between baseline and a particular intervention Requires at least 3 consecutive phases- Baseline A Intervention B Return to baseline A A B A B is stronger that A B A design
30
5 variations of reversal designs
Repeated reversals BAB Multiple treatment design NCR reversal technique DRO/DRA/DRI Reversal technique
31
Repeated reversals
Simple extension of. ABAB Ex ABABABABAB The more reversals the stronger your evidence of control
32
BAB reversals
Three phase reversal design Phase 1 IV B Phase 2 IV removed A Phase 3 IV reintroduced B Weaker than the ABA design because it is not enable assessment of the effects of the IV during baseline Best design when your client displayed severe and dangerous behaviors as he did not wait to start intervention
33
Sequence effects
Aka Carryover effects Alteration effects Effects on the subjects behavior in a given condition that are the result of the subjects experience with the prior condition Using an ABCBC design but you want to se what C does alone so you can go ACAC to assess it
34
Multiple treatment reversal
A type of reversal design that compares two or more IVs to baseline and/or to one another You can tell you are dealing with the multiple treatment reversal when letters are added like C or D A b a c a b a c A b c d a c a d
35
Non-contingent reinforcement reversal technique
An experimental technique for showing the effects of reinforcement by using in NCR As a control condition instead of a baseline condition in which no reinforcement is provided Allows us to examine contingent reinforcement
36
DRO/DRI/DRA reversal technique
An experimental technique for showing the effects of reinforcement by using DRO, DRA or DRI is a control condition instead of the baseline condition in which no reinforcement is provided
37
DRO
Reinforcement following any behavior other than the target behavior
38
DRI
Reinforcement following behavior that is physically incompatible with the target behavior
39
DRA
Reinforcement following an alternative behavior other than the target behavior
40
Irreversibility
The level of behavior observed in an earlier phase cannot be reproduced even though experimental conditions are the same as when they were during the earlier phase How to ride a bike is something that once you’ve learned it you cannot know how to not do it- its reversible
41
Alternating treatment design | AKAs
SCAMMM ``` Simultaneous treatment design Concurrent schedules design Alternating treatments design Multi element baseline design Multi element design Multiple schedules design ```
42
Alternating treatments design
An experimental design and which two or more conditions are presented in rapidly alternating succession independent of the level of responding and the differential effects on the target behavior are noted Compares 2 or more IVs to one another to see which IV would be best to utilize with the client
43
3 variations of alternating treatments design
Alternating treatments design Single phase without baseline Alternating treatments design with baseline Alternating treatments design with baseline and final best treatment phase
44
Alternating treatment design single phase without baseline
Does not require initial baseline
45
Alternating treatment design with baseline
Whenever possible baseline should be conducted as it shows the change produced by each treatment compared to the natural level of performance without an intervention
46
Alternating treatment design with baseline and final best treatment phase
Most widely used of these designs
47
3 problems avoided by alternating treatment designs
ISU Irreversibility Sequence effects Unstable data
48
Advantages of alternating treatment design
Does not require treatment withdrawal Speedy comparison Minimizes irreversibility problem Minimizes sequence effects Can be used with unstable data Can be used to assess generality of effects Intervention can begin immediately without baseline data
49
Disadvantages of alternating treatment design
Multiple treatment interference A natural nature of rapidly alternating treatments Limited capacity of design Selection of treatments
50
2 types of validity in experimental designs
Internal validity External validity
51
Internal validity
The extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the IV and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables
52
For confounding threats to internal validity
MISS Measurement confounds IV confounds Subject confounds Setting confounds
53
Measurements confounds
Refers to the number in the intricacies of the behaviors you are targeting May occur due to Observer drift Reactivity Observer bias
54
IV confounds
IVs are complicated and given together usually in a treatment package Ex- giving money as reinforcer - also giving attention when you give the money- so is it money or attention that is the maintaining reinforcer???
55
Subject confounds
Maturation- changes in subject over course of the study Repeated measurement detects uncontrolled variables
56
Settings confounds
Studies in natural settings are more prone to confounding variable’s then in controlled laboratories You should hold all possible aspects of the study constant until repeated measurements again reveal stable responding Bootleg reinforcement may also occur in the natural setting
57
Bootleg reinforcement
Secretive reinforcement that is not part of your behavior plan
58
Confounding Variables
Aka Extraneous variables Uncontrolled influence on a research study Uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable
59
Extraneous variables
Any aspect of the environment that must be a constant to prevent unplanned environmental variation like lighting space temperature
60
External validity
Hint external validity is generalizable to the external world Degree to which is studies results are generalizable to other subjects settings and or behaviors Replication establishes external validity
61
Two major types of scientific replication method used in ABA
Direct replication Systematic replication
62
Direct replication
Researchers exactly duplicate a previous study
63
Systematic replication
Research is purposely vary one or more aspect of an earlier experiment Demonstrates reliability and external validity by showing the same affect can occur under different conditions
64
Treatment integrity
Aka Procedural Fidelity Fidelity of implementation Program integrity Extent to which the IV is implemented or carried out as planned Low treatment integrity is very difficult to interpret experimental results
65
Treatment drift
An application of the IV in later phases differs from the original application
66
Two types of errors in evaluating ABA research
Type one false positive Assuming the IV affected the DV when it actually did not Type two false negative Assuming the ivy did not affect the TV when it actually did

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