Semester Review Flashcards
<p>Biological Psychology</p>
<p>Biological psychology looks at the link between biology and psychological events such as how information travels thoughout our bodies (neural impulses, axons, dendrites, etc.), how different neurotransmitters effect sleep, dreams, and other behaviors</p>
<p>Psychodynamic Psychology</p>
<p>Psychodynamics refers to the interaction of conscious and unconscious processes and how these processes affect our personality, behavior, and feelings. For example, how are we influenced by our childhood experiences, and how do our inner conflicts and urges motivate us? How might we handle the competing desires of wanting to lose weight with really wanting to eat a donut? </p>
<p>Behaviorist Psychology </p>
<p>the study of overt behavior (observable behavior) and external factors - study of observable events</p>
<p>Humanist Psychology</p>
<p>Self-Potential and Internal Environment</p>
<p>Cognitive Psychology</p>
<p>Thought Processes</p>
<p>Evolutionary Psychology</p>
<p>Adaptation</p>
<p>Eclecticism Psychology</p>
<p>An Eclectic Perspective in psychotherapy is one that combines aspects of two or more different approaches to meet the needs of a client</p>
<p>Two types of careers in Psychology </p>
<p>Provider (Individual Treatment) and Research </p>
<p>Child Psychologist</p>
<p>Mental, Social Emotion, Development (Provider)</p>
<p>Counseling Psychologist</p>
<p>Someone to talk to; General issues; Day to day coping (Provider)</p>
<p>Clinical Psychologist</p>
<p>Specific Disorders (Provider)</p>
<p>School Psychologist</p>
<p>Deal directly with students, Achievement of educational goal (Provider)</p>
<p>Development Psychologist</p>
<p>Development over the course of your life (Research)</p>
<p>Educational Psychologist</p>
<p>Effective teaching and learning practice (Research)</p>
<p>Industrial/ Organizational Psychologist</p>
<p>Improving the workplace; increasing morale and productivity (Research)</p>
<p>Cognitive Psychologist</p>
<p>Perception, thinking and memory (Research)</p>
<p>Social Psychologist </p>
<p>Affect of social interactions (Research)</p>
<p>Evolutionary Psychologist</p>
<p>How we mentally adapt (Research)</p>
<p>Forensic Psycholgist</p>
<p>Psychology in the legal world (Research)</p>
<p>Sports Psychologist</p>
<p>Mental state of Athletes (Research)</p>
<p>William James </p>
<p>Fuctionalism</p>
<p>Fuctionalism</p>
<p>What is the purpose of consciousness? How do we adjust to the environment? How do we acquire habits?</p>
<p>Wilhelm Wundt</p>
<p>First Psych Lab (University of Leipzig, Germany)</p>
<p>Charles Darwin</p>
<p>Natural Selection</p>
G. Stanley Hall
First American Lab (John Hopkins University)
John Watson
The father of Behaviorism
Empiricism
The Philosophical school of thought that real knowledge comes from the senses
Experimental Method
Focus on manipulating the independent variable and observing its effect on the dependent variable, while ruling out the possibility that other variables could have influenced the outcome
Hypothesis and Null Hypothesis
What is the relationship vs There is no relationship
Operational Definition
Procedure, Define Variables
Independent Variable
Changed or Manipulated
Dependent Variable
Effected by the change in the independent variable
Extraneous Variable
Any factor or variable that causes an effect (or potential affects) other than the variable being studied is considered an extraneous variable
Confounding Variable
Alternative Explanation for results, must accept null hypothesis (Bottle-Feeding Experiment)
Control Group
PlaceBo, PlaceBo Group, PlaceBo Effect
Double Blind Study
Participants and conductor unaware
Single Blind Study
Participants unaware
Case Study
In-depth investigations, Every aspect of a subject's life, generalize results
Survey
Questions or interviews to gather information
Longitudinal Studies
Same subject(s) over an extended period of time
Cross-Sectional Studies
Different subjects (age) tested at the same time
Naturalistic Observation
Observe naturally occurring events, No intervention with subjects
Correlation Coefficient (Positive and Negative Relationship)
This is a measure of the direction (positive or negative) and extent (range of a correlation coefficient is from -1 to +1) of the relationship between two sets of scores. Scores with a positive correlation coefficient go up and down together (as with smoking and cancer). A negative correlation coefficient indicates that as one score increases, the other score decreases (as in the relationship between self-esteem and depression; as self-esteem increases, the rate of depression decreases)
APA Ethical Guidelines
Ethical guidelines or codes are used by groups and organizations to define what actions are morally right and wrong. The guidelines are used by group members as a code with which to perform their duties. Psychologists use ethical guidelines in order to be certain that treatment and research are being conducted in a manner which is not harmful to participants
Sympathetic Nervous System
responses are all "arousal" responses which get you ready to fight or flee in times of danger
Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary/ Self-Regulating Functions (Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Division)
Parasympathetic Division
Conserves body's resources
Sympathetic Division
Spends body's resources
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary Functions (Afferent and Efferent Neurons)
Afferent Neurons (Sensory Neurons)
Info from PNS to CNS
Efferent Neurons (Motor Neurons)
Info from CNS to PNS
Hypothalamus
Basic biological functions, survival needs (oxygen, food, sleep)
Limbic System
Border of Mid and ForeBrain (Main function is emotion, memory, and motivation)
Occiptial Lobe
Sight
Parietal Lobe
Interprets sensory information
Temporal Lobe
Hearing, Memories
Frontal Lobe
Heavy thinking, planning
Corpus Callosum
Bridge of Nerves, Connects Hemisphere. Allows communication
Estrogen
Estrogen is one of the sex hormones that is necessary for proper female reproductive functioning as well as the development of secondary female characteristics like breasts, less facial hair than men, etc.
Androgen
Androgens are the hormones that control sexual development. They can be naturally produced by the body or synthetically produced. Among their functions is their contribution to the growth of male sex organs and. Testosterone
Pituitary Gland
Growth, temperature, blood pressure, metabolism, physical maturation, master gland
Adrenal Gland
Sympathetic Nervous System, Adrenaline
Thyrold Gland
Metabolism
Gonads
Sex Glands, Reproduction
Brainstem
Base of Brain, Connects brain and Spinal Cord, Contains midbrain and hindbrain
Left hemisphere
Right half of the body, Verbal and Logical
Right hemisphere
Left half of the body, Creative and Visual
Just Noticeable Differences
Change in intensity, How much change before you notice
Absolute Threshold
The smallest amount of a stimulus you can detect at least 50% of the time
Sensory Adaptation
More exposure=Less Sensitivity
Weber's Law
JND's Theory, Intensity of stimulus is related to the amount of change to the intensity. As intensity increases, the JND increases as well
Fechner's Law
JND Theory, Diminishing returns, constantly increasing intensity by the same amount increases the JND
Wavelength
Color, Distance between peaks
Amplitude
Intensity, Height of waves
Ultraviolet
Too short for human response
Infrared
Too long for human response
Proximal Stimulus
the light reflected off a physical object in the external world
Distal Stimulus
any physical object or event in the external world that reflects
