Semi-Solid (Ointments)

Question 1

Semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes; may be medicated or not

Answer 1

Ointment

Question 2

Uses of Ointments

Answer 2

Emollients - make the skin more pliable
Protective Barriers
Vehicles - in which to incorporate medication

Question 3

Ointment Bases

Answer 3

Oleaginous/Hydrocarbon Base
Absorption Base
Water-Removable Base
Water-Soluble Base

Question 4

Characteristics of Oleaginous Bases / Hydrocarbon Base

Answer 4

Water content: Anhydrous
H20 affinity: Hydrophobic
Spreadability: Difficult
Occlusiveness: High

Question 5

Oleaginous Bases / Hydrocarbon Bases

Answer 5

Petrolatum
White Petrolatum
Yellow Ointment
White Ointment

Question 6

Petrolatum AKA

Answer 6

Yellow Petrolatum (Vaseline®)
Petrolatum Jelly

Question 7

Purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbon obtained from petrolatum

Answer 7

Petrolatum

aka Yellow Petrolatum, Petroleum Jelly

Question 8

Decolorized petrolatum; aesthetically appealing than petrolatum

Answer 8

White Petrolatum

Question 9

Wax obtained from the honeycomb of Apis mellifera; More viscous than petrolatum

Answer 9

Yellow Ointment

Question 10

Yellow Ointment / Simple Ointment composition

Answer 10

95% Petrolatum
5% Yellow Wax

Question 11

White petrolatum + White wax

Answer 11

White Ointmet

Question 12

Characteristics of Absorption Base

Answer 12

Water content: Anhydrous / Hydrous
H20 affinity: HydroPHILIC
Spreadability: Difficult
Occlusiveness: Moderate to High

Question 13

Two Types of Absorption base

Answer 13

1. Anhydrous base - absorb water to become W/O emulsion
2. W/O emulsion - absorb additional water

Question 14

Absorption Base

Answer 14

Hydrophilic Petrolatum
Lanolin

Question 15

Contains white wax, white petrolatum, stearyl alcohol, and cholesterol

Answer 15

Hydrophilic petrolatum (Aquaphor, Aquabase)

Question 16

Obtained from Wool of Sheep (ovis aries)

Answer 16

Lanolin

Question 17

Hydrous Lanolin/Hydrous Woolfat

Answer 17

25 - 30% moisture

Question 18

Anhydrous Lanolin / Woolfat

Answer 18

NMT 0.25% water

Question 19

Reduce the contents of free Lanolin Alcohol, Detergents, and Pesticides

Answer 19

Modified Lanolin

Question 20

O/W emulsion referred as Creams

Answer 20

Water Removable / Water Washable Base

Question 21

Base that can be diluted with water or aqueous solutions and have the ability to absorb serous discharges

Answer 21

Water removable / Water washable

Question 22

Base that can be diluted with water or aqueous solutions and have the ability to absorb serous discharges

Answer 22

Water removable / Water washable

Question 23

Water removable / Water Washable

Answer 23

Water content: Hydrous
H20 affinity: HydroPHILIC
Spreadability: Easy
Occlusiveness: Low to Moderate

Question 24

Example of Water removable / washable base

Answer 24

Hydrophilic Ointment, USP

Readily miscible with water & removed with skin readily
SLS - emulsifer

Question 25

Water Soluble Base / Greaseless Base

Answer 25

Water content: Anhydrous / Hydrous H20 affinity: HydroPHILIC Spreadability: Easy Occlusiveness: Minimal

Question 26

Base used for **incorporation** of **solid materials**

Answer 26

Water soluble base / Greaseless Base

Question 27

Example of Water soluble base / Greaseless Base

Answer 27

Polyethylene Glycol, NF 40% PEG 3350 60% PEG 400

Question 28

Liquids: MW < 600 Wax like solid: MW > 100 Semisolid: MW 600-1000

Question 29

Oleaginous Base

Answer 29

Petrolatum White Petrolatum Yellow Ointment White Ointment

Question 30

Absorption Base

Answer 30

Hydrophilic Petrolatum Lanolin / Woold fat Lanolin Alcohols Beeswax

Question 31

Water removable base

Answer 31

Hydrophilic Ointment Cetrimide emulsifying Ointment Cetomacrogol Ointment

Question 32

Water Soluble Base

Answer 32

PEG, NF Peg aka Macrogols

Question 33

Methods of Ointment Preparation

Answer 33

Incorporation Fusion

Question 34

Preparation by **mixing of all components**, until a **uniform mixture** is achieved Via **Levigation method**

Answer 34

Incorporation

Question 35

Mixing of components by **melting**, then **cooled ** with **constant stirring** until congealed

Answer 35

Fusion