What organisms tend to cause bronchopneumonia?
Bacteria
What organisms tend to cause interstitial pneumonia?
Viral
What is the major cause of shipping fever in cattle?
Mannheimia hemolytica
What organisms can occur in a co-infection with Mannheimia hemolytica in shipping fever?
BoHV-1
PI-3
Pasteurella multocida
Histophilus somni
What is the pathologic mechanism of shipping fever?
Production of virulence factors
Kills bovine macrophages and neutrophils
Acute inflammation
What is the main virulence factor in Mannheimia hemolytica that causes a lot of damage?
Leukotoxin
What lesions are seen with Manneheimia hemolytica in cattle?
Severe bronchopneumonia
Tissue necrosis
Alveolar hyperemia + hemorrhage
Alveoli filled with suppurative inflammation
Wide interlobular septa expanded by edema + fibrin
What are the molecules that are responsible for the acute inflammation seen in shipping fever? (five listed)
TNF-alpha IL-1 IL-8 Histamine Leukotrines
What is the difference in presentation between Mannheimia hemolytica and Histophilus somni?
HS will commonly spread to other parts of the body
What are organ systems that tend be targets for Histophilus somni? What does it cause there?
Myocarditis - heart Arthritis - joints Opthalitis - eyes Otitis - ears Abortion - Fetus Encephalitis - Brain Septicemia - Blood
What are COMMON things seen in cattle with a histophilus somni infection?
Pneumonia + Pleuritis
What are the four common animals affected by pasteurella multocida?
Cows + Pigs + Rabbits + Cats
What is the presentation of pasteurella multocida in cattle?
Co-infection with shipping fever
What is the presentation of pasteurella multocida in pigs?
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia
What is the presentation of pasteurella multocida in rabbits?
Pleuropneumonia
Snuffles
Otitis
Bacteremia
Where does pasteurella multocida tend to colonize in rabbits?
Nares
What is the presentation of pasteurella multocida in cats?
Pyothorax
What is a bacteria that can cause pasteurellosis in sheep?
Bibersteinia trehalosi
What is an important virulence factor that is secreted by Bibersteinia trehalosi?
Leukotoxin
What can cause porcine pleuropneumonia?
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
How does actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae present in young pigs?
Septicemia
How does actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae present in weaned pigs?
Otitis interna
What can Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause? What animal?
Ruminants - Septic pulmonary emboli
What can Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis cause? What animal?
Sheep/Goat - Caseous lymphadenitis
What is the pathologic mechanism of Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis?
Bacteria introduced via inhalation/penetration
Macrophages take up take to LN
Forms pyogranumolomas
Where are common areas to see pyogranumolomas caused by Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis?
LN + Lungs + Subcutis
Where on the body is mycobacterium commonly found?
Mucosal surface of:
Respiratory + Urogenital tracts
What are the bacterial characteristics of Mycobacterium?
Acid-fast, no cell wall
What are the Mycoplasmas listed?
M. Bovis
M. Mycoides ssp. mycocides
M. Hyopneumoniae
What does Mycoplasma Bovis cause?
Chronic, necrotizing bronchopneumonia
With suppurative/caseated abscesses
What does a successful infection by Mycoplasma Bovis require?
Immunosuppression
What does the gross appearance of a lesion from Mycoplasma Bovis look like?
Necrosis centered around bronchi + bronchioles
What are other places, besides the lungs, that Mycoplasma Bovis can spread?
Mastitis Arthritis Otitis Keratoconjunctivitis Abortion
What is important to note about Mycoplasma Mycoides ssp. Mycoides
Reportable foreign animal disease in the US
What is a differential for Mycoplasma Mycoides ssp. Mycoides?
Mannheimia Hemolytica
What pathology is seen with Mycoplasma Mycoides ssp. Mycoides?
Severe pleuropneumonia
How can you tell a M. Mycoides infection from M. hemolytica?
MM - has a more caudal distribution
Sequela of necrotic lung due to vascular thrombosis
Wider expansion of interlobular seta
What does Mycoplasma hyopneumonia cause?
Porcine enzoonotic pneumonia
What is the pathologic presentation of Porcine enzoonotic pneumonia?
Suppurative + Catarrhal bronchopneumonia
What can make a pig susceptible to a Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae infection?
Ammonia + Hydrogen sulfide gases
Along with other stressors
How can streptococcus suis be transmitted?
Oral
Aerogenous
Vertically to fetus
What pathologic presentations are going to present with a Streptococcus suis infection?
Bronchopneumonia Polyarthritis Polyserositis Abortion Neonatal septicemia Meningitis
What is important to remember as a vet if dealing with cattle that could possibly be infected with Streptococcus suis infection?
Zoonotic
Can cause meningitis and septic shock in humans
What are the hemolytic species of Streptococcus?
Canis + Equi + Zooepidemicus
What do the hemolytic species of Streptococcus tend to cause in small animals?
Bronchopneumonia + Septicemia + Placentitis + Dermatitis
What co-infections can occur with Streptococcus infections in small animals?
Pasteurella Multocida
E. Coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Bordetella bronchiseptica
What can cause a streptococcus infection in a small animal that is caused by us?
dentals
What does Streptococcus zooepidemicus cause in dogs?
Acute, hemorrhagic pleuropneumonia
What does a Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection look like grossly in a dog?
Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage
Necrosuppurative exduate with hemorrhagic pleural effusion
What normally is the cause of death with Streptococcus zooepidemicus, even though rare?
Septicemic shock
What are the two systems affected by Rhodococcus equi?
Respiratory + Intestinal
What is seen in the respiratory systems with a Rhodococcus equi infection?
Severe granulomatous bronchopneumonia
What is seen in the intestinal tract with a Rhodococcus equi infection?
Ulcerative enterocolitis
What is the source for Rhodococcus equi?
Soil + Feces
What is the pathologic mechanism for Rhodococcus equi?
Alveolar macrophages uptake bacteria
Bacteria multiply and rupture macrophages
Lysosomal enzymes released
Neutrophils response –> inflammatory cytokines released
Tissue damage = Acute pyogranuloma
What are the two end results of a Rhodococcus equi infection?
Bronchopneumonia = death
Chronic caseous pneumonia
What is the cause of Bovine tuberculosis
Mycobacterium bovis
What is the pathologic mechanism of Mycobacterium bovis?
Alveolar macrophages take up bacteria Bacteria multiply and rupture macrophage Apread with in the lung Lymphatic invasion = Lymphadenitis Wide spread dissemination
What are the major pathologies seen with Mycobacterium bovis?
Chronic, granulomatous pneumonia
Lymphadenitis
What is important to remember as a vet if dealing with cattle that have a possible Mycobacterium bovis infection?
Zoonotic - transferred via contaminated milk + Aerosolization
What are the wildlife hosts of Mycobacterium bovis? Where?
US - Deer
UK - Badgers
What are animals can be infected by Bordetella bronchiseptica?
Dogs + Pigs + Cats + Rodents
What can Bordetella Bronchiseptica cause in pigs?
Atrophic Rhinitis
What are the symptoms seen in kennel cough?
Harsh cough that can be productive or non-productive
What is a common viral cause of equine viral pneumonia?
EHV 1,4
What is EVA?
Equine viral arteritis
What is the is the viral target in EVA?
Endothelial cells + Macrophages
What are the symptoms area seen with EVA?
Fever Diarrhea Colic Respiratory Distress Ventral abdominal/limb edema
What gross lesions are seen with EVA?
Multifocal hemorrhage + interstitial pneumonia
What is seen histologically with EVA?
Fibrinoid necrosis of small arterial walls Vasculitis/arteriolitis Edema + Hemorrhage Thickening of interstitium Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
What is the pathologic mechanism for Canine Distemper?
Virus moves from conjunctiva or oral/nasal to tonsils
Moves through body via lymphatics
What cells can Canine Distemper survive in?
Lymphocytes + Macrophages
What are the gross lesions seen in Canine Distemper infections?
Suppurative bronchopneumonia
From extensive necrosis + subsequent inflammation
What cells does Canine Adenovirus 2 tend to target?
Pneumocytes + Bronchiolar epithelial cells
What do bronchiolar epithelial cells infected with canine adenovirus look like?
Large, basophilic, intranuclear inclusion bodies
What clinical symptoms appear with Canine Adenovirus 2?
Mild fever
Oculonasal discharge
Coughing
What lesions are seen with Canine Herpesvirus 1 infections?
Necrosis and Hemorrhage in lung, kidney, and liver
What is the normal pathologic mechanism of Canine Herpesvirus 1 infections?
In-utero - sometimes resulting in abortion
Presents in puppies less than 2 weeks of age
What disease process does Canine Herpesvirus 1 normally cause?
Fading puppy syndrome
What pathological problems are seen with a Canine Influenza infection?
Transient, necrotizing tracheitis
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
What is an important differential to remember when dealing with a possible Canine Influenza infection?
Kennel cough
What causes feline viral rhinotracheitis?
Feline Herpesvirus 1 + Calicivirus + Chlamydiosis
Where does feline herpesvirus 1 infect?
Epithelium of conjunctiva, nasopharynx, and sometimes bronchi
What lesions are seen with feline calicivirus?
Interstitial pneumonia
Inflammation of synovium in joints
What happens when a feline calicivirus has endothelial cell trophism?
Thrombosis + DIC
What is the mechanism of cell death when calcivirus infections?
Virus-induced apoptosis
What symptoms are seen with feline chlamydiosis?
Conjunctivitis and mucopurulent rhinitis
What are the two common causes of pneumonia in sheeps and goats?
Maedi-Visna (OPP) or CAE
What kind of viral infection causes OPP and CAE?
Lentiviral (aka retroviral)
How do OPP and CAE infections present?
Progressive dyspnea
Weight loss
Lesions in lung
What is the gross presentation of OPP and CAE?
Pale, heavy lungs that do not collapse
Enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes
Why are the tracheobronchial lymph nodes enlarged in OPP /CAE?
B cell lymphoid hyperplasia
What is seen histologically with OPP/CAE infections?
Wide alveolar septa
Lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate
BALT hyperplasia
What is the big histologic difference between CAE and OPP?
CAE - alveoli fill with surfactant
Appear pale pink material within alveoli
How is OPP and CAE transferred to the young?
Infected colostrum
How long is the incubation time for OPP and CAE?
2 years
Where is the virus contained during the incubation period of OPP and CAE?
Alveolar and Pulmonary Intravascular macrophages
What is the common cause of Swine viral pneumonia?
Swine influenza Type A
When do outbreaks of swine influenza normally occur?
Fall or Winter
What are the gross lesions seen with swine influenza infections?
Ventral, purple-red well demarcated areas of atelectasis
Parts of lung will pale and emphysematous
+/- Mucopurulent exudate in bronchi + Bronchioles
+/- intralobulae septal edema + serofibrinous pleuritis
What is the histological presentation of swine influenza?
Exudative bronchiolitis
+/- Interstitial pneumonia
What can cause piglets to be presdisposed to bacterial pneumonia?
Porceine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
– and –
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
What are common targets of the Bovine Herpes viruses?
Respiratory
Reproductive tracts
Brain
What is another name for BoHV-1?
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Where are the lesions in IBR?
Upper airways
What gross lesions are seen with IBR?
Mild to severe necrotizing tracheitis
Conjunctivitis
Nasal discharge
Mucosal necrosis = Red nose
How is the BoHV-1 virus spread?
Secretions from eyes + nose
Reproductive tissues
Where does the Parainfluenza 3 virus replicate in the cow?
Type II Pneumocytes
What occurs pathologically with a PI3 infection alone?
Mild or subclinical respiratory disease
What is BRSV?
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus
What can BRSV cause?
Fatal bronchointerstitial pneumonia in weaning cattle
When does BRSV commonly infect cattle?
Winter
Where does BRSV affect the cattle?
Necrosis of ciliated mucosal epithelium + pneumocytes
Leads to metaplasia + type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
What gross lesions occur with a BRSV infection?
Interstitial pneumonia
Necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis
What is seen in the histology of a cow infected with BRSV?
Syncytial cells with intracytoplasmic inclusions
What group of cattle are most affected by Bovine enzoonotic pneumonia?
Young calves
What viral pathogens can play a part in bovine enzoonotic pneumonia?
BoHV-1
PI-3
BRSV
Adenovirus
What bacterial pathogens can play a part in bovine enzoonotic pneumonia?
Mannheimiosis Histophilosis Mycoplasma Arcanobacterium pyogenes E. Coli
What is bovine respiratory disease complex?
Enzootic pneumonia
– and –
Toxic intersitial pneumonia
What makes up Glasser’s disease?
Swine polyserositis + Fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia
What is the etiologic agent of Glasser’s disease?
Haemophilus parasuis + suis
What are the differentials for the lesions seen in Glasser’s disease?
Serositis: Mycoplasma hyorhinis Streptococcus suis type II Sepsis: Salmonella E. Coli
What should fungus be stained with?
Silver stain
Where do lesions normally occur with fungal infections? What types of lesions?
Granulomatous to pyogranulomatous
Interstitial pneumonia
How do most fungal infections cause cellular damage in the lung?
Inflammatory mediators + cells cause disruption and death of respiratory mucosa
Fungus proliferate –> spread through respiratory tract
How does a fungus spread from the lungs to the rest of the body?
Macrophages or embolism
What does it mean for a fungi to be dimorphic?
Yeast or Hyphae
What are the two phases that a fungus can be in ?
Saprophytic + Parasitic
What kind of characteristics do fungi have if they are in the saprophytic phase?
Environmental
Feed on dead organic material
What kind of characteristics do fungi have if they are in the environmental phase?
Feed on living host
What type of growing conditions does Aspergillus fumigatus prefer?
Moist environments
with dead, decaying matter
What form is Aspergillus fumigatus inhaled as?
Conidia
What is a conidia?
Asexual chlamydospores, non-motile
Where does Aspergillus fumigatus attach to in dogs?
Nasal ciliated epithelium
Where does Aspergillus fumigatus attach to in birds?
Air sacs
What is the most common progresssion of infection with Aspergillus fumigatus ?
Invades vascular endothelium
Spreads to distint sites through blood vessels
What type of dog is most commonly infected by Aspergillus fumigatus ?
German shepards
What is the most common fungal infection in cats?
Cryptococcus neoformans
Where do lesions occur in Cryptococcus neoformans infections?
Nose/sinuses Inner/Middle ear Lung Brain Skin
What do gross lesions caused by Cryptococcus neoformans look like?
Multi-focal white gelatinous foci
Why do Cryptococcus neoformans lesions have the gelatinous foci?
Thick polysaccharide capsule surrounding yeast
What is the histologic appearance of a Cryptococcus neoformans infection?
Granulomatous interstitial pneumonia with myriad organisms appearing with wide clear halo
What are the most common sources for Histoplasma capsulatum?
Bat + Pigeon droppings
What animals are most commonly diagnosed with Histoplasma capsulatum infections?
Dogs and cats
sometimes horses
What is the gross presentation of Histoplasma capsulatum?
Granulomatous interstitial pneumonia
What is the histologic presentation of Histoplasma capsulatum?
yeast found clustered within macrophages
GMS + PAS postive
Where do disseinated Histoplasma capsulatum infections occur?
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Intestines
Liver
Where does Blastomyces dermatitids tend to occur in the US?
Mississippi River Basin
Great lakes
South east
What conditions does Blastomyces dermatitids prefer?
Moist conditions
Rotten wood
What growing conditions does Coccidioidomycosis prefer?
Arid, dry, hot, and sandy
What happens once Coccidioidomycosis enters the lungs
Saprophytic phase to parasitic phase (spherule)
What is seen pathologically with a Coccidioidomycosis?
Multifocal granulomatous intersitial pneumonia
Lymphadenitis
Where does a disseminated infection from Coccidioidomycosis tend to go?
Skin Bone Muscle Adrenal glands CNS
What is the species of bovine lungworm?
Dictyocaulus viviparous
What type of climate does the Dictyocaulus viviparous prefer?
Moist cool climates
When are Dictyocaulus viviparous infections at their worst?
Calves during their first summer grazing
Where do adult Dictyocaulus viviparous live?
Bronchi of caudal lung lobes
How do cattle present when infected with Dictyocaulus viviparous ?
Coughing + Dyspnea
What lesions are seen with Dictyocaulus viviparous infections?
Chronic bronchitis Intersitital pneumonia Granulomatous pneumonia Eosinophilic syndrome Atelectasis Emphysema
What is seen histologically with Dictyocaulus viviparous infections?
Squamous cell metaplasia
BALT hyperplasia
Eosinophilic granulomas
Nematode ova
What type of lung worm infect sheep and goat?
Muellerius capillaris
What is the intermidiate host of Muellerius capillaris?
Snail
What type of lung worms infect cats?
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
How do cats present with an Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
Coughing dyspnea
Weight loss
Secondary bacterial pneumonia
What is the intermediate host for Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
Slug + Snail
What lesions are seen with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infections?
Multifocal granulmatous pneumonia
What is seen histologically with an Aelurostrongylus abstrusus infection?
Granulomatous alveolitis
Catarrhal bronchitis
What type of lung worm infects Canines?
Filaroides hirthis?
What type of tape worm tends to infect dogs?
Echinococcus granulosus
What is the intermediate host for Echinococcus granulosus ?
Grazing animals
What is an example given in lecture of a pulmonary protozoal infection?
Toxoplasma gondii
What are the general characteristics of toxoplasma gondii?
Obligate intracellular apicomplexan protozoal parasite
What type of hosts tend to develop signs of disease from toxoplasma gondii?
Intermediate host
Where do disseminated toxoplasma gondii infections tend to end up?
Liver Heart Spleen Muscle Brain Eye
What occurs with pulmonary infections involving toxoplasma gondii?
Necrotizing intersitital pneumonia
Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
At what life cycle point do most parasitic migrations occur?
Aberrant larva
What are two examples of aberrant larva migrating?
Ascaris suum – Calves + Swine
Parascaris equorum – Equine
What does it look like grossly when a parasite starts to migrate through lung?
Raised nodules Fibrinous to fibrous tags Areas of discoloration across pleural surfaces Interstitial pneumonia Atelectasis/Emphysema
What syndrome can occur with a heart worm infection?
Caval syndrom