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Pathology I > Session 7 - Disorders of Growth + Neoplasia > Flashcards

Session 7 - Disorders of Growth + Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Reversible exchange within tissue of one mature cell type to another

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2
Q

What is required for metaplasia to occur?

A

Reprogramming of stem cells

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3
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Atypical differentiation, may be partially reversible

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4
Q

Where does dysplasia commonly occur?

A

At sites of chronic inflammation

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5
Q

What are some basic features in cells that are dysplastic?

A

Increased variation in cell size + shape
Increase nuclear size
Increased/abnormal mitosis
Disorganized cell arrangement

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6
Q

How are you able to tell dysplasia from hyperplasia?

A

Hyperplasia will be organized just with increased cell number
Tissue will look similar to original
Dysplasia cells will not be organized like original tissue

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7
Q

What are the basic characteristics of dysplasia?

A

Some loss of stratification

Immature cells escape basal layer

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8
Q

What are the basic characteristics of carcinoma in situ?

A

Total loss of stratification
Immature cells throughout tissue
Basement membrane is still intact

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9
Q

What are the basic characteristics of invasion?

A

Erosion of basement membrane

Tumor gains access to vascular channels j

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10
Q

What are some viral/infectious pathogens that can lead to neoplastic transformation?

A 
Retroviruses 
Herpesviruses 
Papillomaviruses 
Hepadnaviruses 
Spriocera lupi
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11
Q

What are three stages in neoplastic transformation?

A

Initiation + Promotion + Clonal expansion

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12
Q

Describe the initiation phase of neoplastic transformation.

A

Irreversible genetic change in replicating cell population

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13
Q

How does a mutation become “set”?

A

A cell with a mutation undergoes a round of replication where the mutation remains undetected. The daughter cells machinery will no longer see this as a mutation but rather normal.

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14
Q

Is the promotion phase of neoplastic transformation irreversible or reversible?

A

Reversible

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15
Q

Describe the promotion phase of neoplastic transformation.

A

Occurs when promoting agents are present. These are NOT mutagenic but rather make an environment for mutated cell to grow with advantage to the rest. Once removed promotion phase ends

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16
Q

What is the smallest clinically detectable mass?

A

1.0gm = 10^9 cells

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17
Q

Describe the clonal expansion phase of neoplastic transformation.

A

Irreversible growth, where cell mass doubles each round of replication. Subclones become better at
Evading immune system + Promoting blood supply + Resisting GF + Detaching and moving to other sites

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18
Q

What are two basic characteristics of neoplastic cells?

A

Loss of function/unregulated function

Genomic instability

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19
Q

What are the two tumor types?

A

Benign + Malignant

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20
Q

What is stated in the name of a benign tumor?

A

-oma

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21
Q

What are the two most basic types of malignant tumors?

A

Epithelial + Mesenchymal

22
Q

What is stated in the name of a malignant epithelial tumor?

A

-carcinoma

23
Q

What is stated in the name of a malignant mesenchymal tumor?

A

Sarcoma

24
Q

What are round cell tumors classified as?

A

Mesenchymal

25
Q

Where do melanocytes come from embryonically?

A

Neuroectoderm

26
Q

What are melanocytes classified as?

A

Epithelial

27
Q

What is the malignant form of a plasma cell called?

A

Multiple myeloma

28
Q

What are the round cell types?

A

Lymphocyte
Plasma cell
Histiocyte
Mast cell

29
Q

How are brain tumors named?

A

cell type in brain

30
Q

What is the reasoning for mixed tumors?

A

Originate from pluripotent or totipotent cells that mature down multiple lines to create tumor with many cells types (all from which came from same parent cell)

31
Q

What is an undifferentiated tumor?

A

Cells are so primative or abnormal their origin cannot be determined via standard examination

32
Q

What are the two tumor-like lesions?

A

Hamartoma + Choristoma

33
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

Disorganize, mature tissue in normal location

34
Q

What is a choristoma?

A

Disorganize, mature tissue in abnormal location

35
Q

What are three cellular changes that are considered “pre-neoplasitic”?

A

Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Metaplasia/Dysplasia

36
Q

What are the cellular characteristics of benign tumors?

A

Cells closely resemble normal

37
Q

What are the cellular characteristics of a malignant cell?

A

Cell size + shape + N/C ratio atypical

Mitosis abnormal

38
Q

What are the typical tumor features of one that is benign?

A

Often compress adjacent tissue

May be encapsulated

39
Q

What are the typical tumor features of one that is malignant?

A

Typically infiltrate adjacent tissue

May have central necrosis reflective of rapid growth

40
Q

What is the typical rate of growth in a benign tumor?

A

Slow - Progressive

Low of number of mitoses

41
Q

What is the typical rate of growth for malignant tumors?

A

Slow to rapid
Erratic in rate
Low to high number of mitoses

42
Q

What are sheets typical of?

A

Round cell tumors

43
Q

What are packets typical of?

A

Neuroendocrine tumors

44
Q

What are nests typical of?

A

Invasive carcinomas

45
Q

What are cords typical of?

A

Epithelial tumors

46
Q

What are lobules typical of?

A

Epithelial tumors

47
Q

What are acini typical of?

A

Glandular tumor

48
Q

What are tubules typical of?

A

Glandular epithelial

49
Q

What are cystic typical of?

A

Glandular tumors

50
Q

What are whorls typical of?

A

Mesenchymal tumors

51
Q

What is papillary typical of?

A

Glandular tumors

52
Q

What are bundles typical of?

A

Mesenchymal tumors

Pathology I (19 decks)

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