Session 2 - Notes Flashcards
(39 cards)
Give branches of external carotid
Some Superior Thyroid Anatomist Ascending Pharyngeal Like Lingual Fucking Facial Others Occipital Prefer Posterior Auricular Matt's Maxillary Scent Superficial Temporal
Give layers of scalp
Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose Connective Tissue Periosteum
Give arteries to the scalp
Supra orbital supra trochlear superficial temporal Posterior auricular Occipital artery
Why does the scalp often bleed profusely?
Numerous anastamoses
Walls of arteries are closely attached to connective tissue, which can be pulled done by occipitofrontalis
Why doesn’t loss of blood supply to scalp lead to bone necrosis?
Middle Meningeal Artery supplies
Outline how scalp veins connect to dural venous sinuses
The veins of the scalp connect to the Diploic Veins of the Skull via several valve-less Emissary Veins and therefore connect to the Dural Venous Sinuses.
What does connection of scalp to dural venous sinus mean?
that infection from the scalp can spread to the cranial cavity and affect the meninges.
What is at risk in a blow to the pterion?
Weak point of skull
Fracture at this point can rupture the middle meningeal artery, causing an extradural haemorrhage.
What is a craniotomy?
Access into cranial cavity. Bone and skin flap reflected inferiorly to preserve blood supply.
What is the dural venous sinus?
Endothelium lined spaces between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura.l
What is the dural venous sinus which connects with internal jugualar?
Sigmoid sinus (exits through jugular foramen)
Outline branches of the facial nerve
Facial Superior and inferior labial Maxillary Lateral nasal Angular Transverse Facial Supratrochlear Supraorbital
What is the cavernous sinus
A plexus of extremely thin-walled on the upper surface of the sphenoid bone
Name the 6 structures which run through the cavernous sinus
o Internal Carotid Artery o CN III – Oculomotor o CN IV – Trochlear o CN VI – Abducent o CN V – Trigeminal CN V 1 – Opthalmic CN V 2 – Maxillary
What is the danger of the cavernous sinus?
Veins of the face are valve-less
At the medial angle of the eye, the facial vein and the superior ophthalmic vein communicate and drain into cavernous sinus.
Infection -> Facial vein -> Dural venous sinus
Thrombophlebitis of facial vein -> Infected clot can travel to intracranial system
Why is internal jugular vein harder to see than external?
IJM lies under SCM
Give three terminal groups of lymph nodes and their significance
Jugulo-Digastric - Tonsillar node
Jugulo-omohyoid - Tongue node
Deep cervical nodes - Lie along the course of accessory nerve (both may be removed in malignancy)
Supraclavicular nodes - Virchow’s node associated with gastric carcinoma
What are the two final structures vessels drain into?
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
What happens in cervical metastases?
This procedure involves the removal, as a unit (en bloc), of the Internal Jugular Vein, Fascia, Lymph Nodes and the Submandibular Salivary Gland
Give four places skull fractures are commn
Squamous temporal bone and parietal bone
Foramen magnum and inner parts of sphenoid wing
Anterior cranial fossa (cribiform plate)
Name 7 types of skull fracture
Depressed fractur Linear calvarial fracture Comminuted fracture Counterblow fracture Simple fracture Compound fracture Basal skull fracture
What is a depressed fracture?
A severe, localised blow may result in a local indentation, in which a fragment of bone may compress or injure the underlying brain.
What is a linear calvarial fracture?
Trauma to the Calvaria often results in radiating linear fractures, the fracture lines radiating away from the point of impact in two or more directions.
What is a comminuted fracture?
The bone is broken into several pieces.
