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Infection > Session 3 > Flashcards

Session 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Photophobia

A

Eye pain on exposure to light

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2
Q

What is Purpura?

A

Spontaneous bleeding into the skin that appears as a rash

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3
Q

What are the clinical features of Sepsis?

A

Temperature 38
Heart rate >90/min
Respiratory rate >20/min
WBC 12 x 10(9)L

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4
Q

Define Bacteraemia

A

The presence of bacteria in the blood

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5
Q

Define Septicaemia

A

Generalised Sepsis

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6
Q

What is severe sepsis?

A

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and organ dysfunction/hypoperfusion

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7
Q

What is septic shock?

A

Severe sepsis and persistently low blood pressure despite administration of IV fluids

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8
Q

What is Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome?

A

Inflammatory state affecting the whole body frequently due to the immune system responding to an infection

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9
Q

What is characteristic of a meningitis caused by Neisseria Meningitidis?

A

A non blanching rash

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10
Q

What part of the Niesseria Meningitidis causes an inflammatory response?

A

The lipopolysaccharide endotoxin

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11
Q

How does the Pilus help Niesseria Meningitidis?

A

It enhances attachment

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12
Q

How does the polysaccharide capsule aid Niesseria Meningitidis?

A

Promotes adherence

Prevents phagocytosis

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13
Q

How are cytokines pro thrombotic?

A

They promote coagulation

The inhibit fibrinolysis

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14
Q

What happens if the coagulation cascade is overactive?

A

Microvascular thrombosis occurs (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) which can cause organ ischaemia/failure

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15
Q

How can patients end up loosing extremities during sepsis?

A

Low BP causes blood to be diverted away from the extremities for extended periods of time causing them to become ischaemic

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16
Q

What are the Sepsis six?

A 
Deliver high O2
Take blood cultures (Before treating)
Administer empirical IV antibiotics
Measure serum lactate
Start IV fluid resuscitation
Commence accurate urine output measurement
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17
Q

Why is serum lactate measured in patients with sepsis?

A

It shows how much anaerobic respiration is occuring which is a good indicator of how much blood is reaching the tissues

18
Q

What are some life threatening complications of sepsis?

A 
Irreversible Hypotension
Respiratory failure
Acute renal failure
Raised intracranial pressure
Ischaemic necrosis of extremities
19
Q

How can you confirm a diagnosis?

A

Blood cultures
PCR
Gram stain
Lumbar puncture (for Meningitis)

20
Q

What are the 3 outcomes when someone comes into contact with meningitis causing pathogens?

A

Clearance
Carriage
Invasion

21
Q

How can you prevent meningitis?

A

Vaccinations (Only available for serogroup C)

Antibiotic Prophylaxis

22
Q

How is the spleen important immunologically?

A

It filters the blood and can detect any pathogens. It then attracts lymphocytes to defend against the infection

23
Q

When can you have decreased neutrophil number?

A

Chemotherapy
Certain drugs
Leukaemia
Lymphoma

24
Q

When can you have decreased neutrophil function?

A

Chronic granulomatomous disease

Very rare as not many issues with the innate immune system

25
Q

Define Immune system

A

Cells and organs that contribute to immune defences against infectious and non infectious substances

26
Q

Define Infectious disease

A

When the pathogen succeeds in evading and/or overwhelming the host’s immune defences

27
Q

What does activation of the adaptive immune system depend on?

A

Activation of the innate immune system

Takes a few days to begin

28
Q

What are some of the Physical barriers to infection?

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Bronchial cells

29
Q

What are some of the physiological barriers to infection?

A

Diarrhoea
Vomitting
Coughing
Sneezing

30
Q

What are some of the chemical barriers to infection?

A 
Low pH (Skin, stomach, vagina)
Antimicrobial molecules (IgA, Lysosomes)
31
Q

What are some of the Biological barriers to infection?

A

Normal flora (They compete for space and resources with pathogens so infection does not occur) They are located at strategic places eg openings.

32
Q

When do issues begin to arise with normal flora?

A

When it is displaced from its normal location to a sterile location.
Dental work
Normal flora overgrows due to host being immunocompromised
Normal flora being removed by antibiotics

33
Q

Give some examples of normal flora on the skin

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus epidermidis

34
Q

Give some examples of normal flora in the nasopharynx

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Neisseria meningitidis

35
Q

What are some of the ways normal flora can be displaced?

A

Breaching of the skin’s integrity
Fecal-oral route
Fecal-perineal-urethral route

36
Q

What does PAMP stand for?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

37
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Molecules that act as markers for certain pathogens

38
Q

How do PAMPs interact with the immune system?

A

They are recognised by PRRs (Pattern recognition receptor) and when this interaction occurs there is an inflammatory response

39
Q

How do Opsonins aid the immune system?

A

Bacteria that are encapsulated (eg streptococcus pneumoniae and neisseria meningitidis) are difficult to clear, but opsonins aid by marking them

40
Q

What are the 2 pathways of the complement system?

A

Alternative pathway

MBL pathway

41
Q

How does the alternative pathway work?

A

It is initiated by cell surface microbial constituents to release C3a & C5a (Recruits phagocytes) C3b & C4b (Opsonisation of pathogens)

42
Q

How does the MBL pathway work?

A

It is initiated when MBL binds to mannose containing residues of proteins (found on salmonella) to release C5-C9 (Kill pathogen membrane. Attack complex)

Infection (11 decks)

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