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LHW > Sheep > Flashcards

Sheep Flashcards

1
Q

time of year can be indicative for dz dx. what are the main concerns around September/oct –> March

A

abortion

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2
Q

what time are year is lambing (usually) and when is tupping

A

tupping - sept/oct for march lambing

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3
Q

as always how can diseases be avoided on farm?

A
  • biosecurity
  • reduce dz challenge - hygiene, ventilation, stocking; test and cull policy; drug treatments (ATH and abx)
  • improve resistance (vac, good management and selective breeding)
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4
Q

there is strategic and emergency thereapeutics, give an example of each:

A
  • strategic - ATH (fuke, PGE)

- emergency - abx, NSAIds - mastitis

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5
Q

how many sheep are there in the UK

A

32 M (4% of world sheep pop)

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6
Q

give an example of a hill, upland and lowland breed

A

hill - swaledale
upland - blue faced Leicester
lowland - texal

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7
Q

desc the basic wrkingso feach type of sheep farm

A

hill - hardy, 1 lamb

upland - large, fast growing, prolific. cross hill breed to long-wool male = mule

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8
Q

what are EBV

A

estimated breeding values - heritable traits, breeding index expressed against a herd/national average
NB remember to half the rams potential, when mixed with ewe

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9
Q

give the common EBVs for sheed

A
  • no lambs
  • milkiness
  • lamb growth in 8wks
  • scan weight (21wks)
  • carcass conformation
  • mature size (ewe kg at 1st mating)
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10
Q

what is a gross margin

A

output - variable costs (feed, bedding, replacements, vets)

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11
Q

what is a net margin

A

gross margin - fixed costs (rent, utilities, labour)

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12
Q

What is the average net margin of a UK sheep farm

A

-£16.51 for a lowland; -£13 for upland/hill

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13
Q

what are the main KPIs

A
  • scanning %
  • % lambs reared/ewe
  • lamb growth rates
  • cull rate and ewe mortality
  • ewe:tup ratio
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14
Q

what is the scanning % target

A

195% lowland; 175% upland/hill

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15
Q

what is the target % lambs reared/ewe

A

147% and 132%

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16
Q

whats the target DLWG kg/d for lambs

A

0.35kg/d

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17
Q

whats the ideal ewe:tup

A

(40:1)

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18
Q

what are the impt components of a flock health plan

A
  • assurance scheme req
  • flock KPI and records
  • biosec
  • nutrition
  • para control
  • vaccine
  • euth policy
  • fertility and lambing management
  • mastitis and lameness protocols
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19
Q

when are the key times of year to check on sheep flocks

A

pre-tupping - summer. check fert, lamb growth, para and lameness, BCS
pre-lambing - winter. check scanning data, nutrition, dystocia and colostrum protocols

20
Q

what could be reaons for low scanning %

A
  • seasonal
  • infectious infert (toxo or border dz)
  • ewe factors (age, BCS, dz - fluke, lame, Maedi Visna)
  • rams (as afor ewes)
  • infectious abortion
21
Q

causes for neonatal mortality

A
  • infections
  • starving
  • hypothermia
  • ZnS turb test (colostrum)
22
Q

causes of grower mortality

A
  • clostridal
  • pasteurellosis
  • para
  • trace element def
  • nutrition
23
Q

what are the SCOPS principles

A
  • adv on good ATH usage
  • dose to heaviest
  • good technique
  • in refugia pop
24
Q

what management controls should farmers employ bw july and September

A

ewe and ram fertility assessment
ID breeding goals
give abortion vacc

25
Q

how long is sheep gestation

A

145d (5mths ish)

26
Q

during pregnancy what measures are undertaken to the ewes

A
  • nematode tx and fluke tx
  • clost and past vac
  • dagging
  • scanning
  • ewe nutrition
  • foot-rot vacc
27
Q

name common diseases, which biosecurity can prevent

A
  • enzootic abortion - vac and source only EAE accred sheep
  • maedi visna - source accred only
  • CLA (caseous lymph adenitis) - blood test and isolate new stock
  • CODD or footrot - foot vax, quarantine
  • orf - quarantine
    sheep scab - quarentne an dtx with MLs or OP dip
  • worms - dose all new stock
28
Q

how long should sheep be quarentines

A

28d

29
Q

what treatments should you give to quarantines sheep

A

sheep scab - IVM x 2doses, q7d
ATH - monopantel and triclabendazole
vac - footvax, EAE, clostridial, pasteurella
Footbath

30
Q

what tx should dogs recieve

A

tapeworm vac q6wks

keep away from carcasses

31
Q

how else can biosecurity of a famr be improved

A
  • clean and disinf station and protocols for workers, vehicles and equip
  • assess fencing, public footpaths - signs, neighbouring stock
32
Q

what BCS should ewes be at tupping

A

hill - 2-3

lowland - 3-3.5

33
Q

what is the target preg loss

A

<2%

34
Q

what is the most common cause of abortion

A

chlamydia abortus (43%)
then toxo,
then campy,
then salmonella

35
Q

name some less common causes of ovine abortion

A 
- q fever
Yersinia
e coli
listeria
border disease
schmallenberg
tickborn fever
36
Q

what actons do you take when you ID a aborted ewe

A
  • isolate
  • remove contam material and burn
  • take sample: foetus, placenta, blood and vaginal swab
  • NB zoonotic risk!
37
Q

which 2 abortive agents can you vac against

A

toxo and chylamydia

38
Q

which path causes enzootic abortion

A

chlamydia abortus

39
Q

what are the basics of c. abortus

A 
bact
gram -ve
cocci
good at avoiding immune syst
replicates intracellularly (trophoblastic epithelial cells)
placentitis - thick and necrotic
40
Q

what is the route of infection for c. abortus

A

oral infection from discharges or contaminated abortive material

41
Q

what is the abortion patern of c. abortus

A

if 90+d gestation, then might be okay
if <90d gestation, will abort after 90d OR the ewe will be latently infected and abort next pregn
if not preg at time of infection - she will be latent and abort next time
if ewe lambes born to an infected mother will abort at their first lambing

42
Q

do ewes ever become immune to c abortus

A

yes - after 1x abortion. few become carriers..

43
Q

how does a placentitis from c abortus cause abortion

A
  • affects nutritional transport and hormone production so therefore damages lamb
  • c abortus also causes inflamation to lambs organs
44
Q

what are the clinical signs of c abortus

A
  • abortion after 90d
  • weak/dying lambs
  • sheep aren’t ill
45
Q

how do you dz c abortus

A
  • late preg abortion
  • necrotic placentitis
  • ZN staining of placenta, foetus, vag d/c to ID organism
  • PCR is possible
46
Q

how do you tx for c abortus

A
  • isolate affected ewes and stop spread

- give ALL yet to lambs Long acting OTC 20mg/kg, 2 doses q2wks

47
Q

how do you prevent c abortus

A
  • EAE accredited ewes, closed flock system

- vac !

LHW (13 decks)

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