What are the bones of the shoulder?
- Clavicle
- Humerus
- Scapula
- Joint- head of humerus and glenoid cavity
What are the bones of the hip?
- Ilium
- Femur
- Joint- head of femur and acetabulum
What are the features of joints?
- Articulating bones
- Capsule
- Synovial membrane
- Bursae
What are bursae?
Small fluid-filled sacs
Describe the capsule surrounding the shoulder joint
- Very loose, may lead to shoulder dislocation
- Attachment medially to margin of glenoid cavity
- Laterally to anatomical neck of humerus
- Strengthened by fibrous slips from tendons of rotator cuff muscles
What muscles are associated with the shoulder joint?
- Subscapularis
- Teres minor
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
Describe the synovial membrane of the shoulder joint
- Lines capsule
- Attached to margins of cartilages covering articular surfaces
- Forms tubular sheath for tendon of biceps brachii
- Protrudes forward through ant. wall of capsule to form subscapularis bursa (shock absorber)
Describe the capsule around the hip joint
- Medially: attached to acetabular labrum
- Laterally: attached to intertrochanteric line of femur
Describe the synovial membrane of the hip joint
- Covers femur neck
- Ensheathes ligament of femur and covers acetabular fossa
- Runs through gap in ant. wall of capsule, between pubo- and ilio-femoral ligaments forming psoas bursa beneath psoas tendon
Describe the bursae at the hip joint
- Reduces friction and pressure between bones, tendons and muscles moving across each other
- Iliopsoas, trochanteric, gluteus, ischiogluteal
Describe the bursae at the shoulder joint
- Located around capsule to assist mobility
- Subacromial, sub deltoid, sub scapular, subcoracoid, coracoid
What are the main differences between the hip joint and shoulder joint?
- Hip has a tight capsule, shoulder has a loose one
- Hip has tight ligaments, shoulder has loose
What ligaments are found in the shoulder?
Acromioclavicular, coracoacromial, coracohumeral, glenohumeral, transverse humeral ligament and Coracoid-clavicular
Describe the coracohumeral ligament
- Attaches at base of coracoid process to greater tubercle of humerus
- Supports part of joint capsule
Describe the glenohumeral ligament
- Joint capsule formed by group of ligaments joining glenoid fossa and humerus
- Main source of stability of shoulder, preventing dislocation
Describe the transverse humeral ligament
- Spans distance between 2 tubercles of humerus
- Holds tendon of long head of biceps in bicipital groove
Describe the coraco-clavicular ligament
- Composed of trapezoid and conoid ligaments and runs from clavicle to coracoid process of scapula
- Works with AC ligament to maintain clavicle alignment
- Significant strength but large forces can rupture as part of ACJ injury
What are the ligaments of the hip joint?
- Ligament of head of femur (intracapsular)
- Iliofemoral (extracapsular)
- Pubofemoral (extracapsular)
- Ischiofemoral (extracapsular)
Describe the ligament of head of femur
- Relatively small
- Runs from acetabular fossa to fovea of femur
Describe the iliofemoral ligament
- Arises from anterior inferior iliac spine and then bifurcates before insetting into intertrochanteric line of femur
- Y-shaped appearance, prevents hyperextension of hip joint- strongest of 3
Describe the pubofemoral ligament
- Spans between superior pubs rami and intertrochateric line of femur, reinforcing capsule anteriorly and interiorly
- Triangular shape and prevents excessive abduction and extension
Describe ischiofemoral ligament
- Spans between ischial body and greater trochanter of femur, reinforces capsule posteriorly
- Spiral orientation, prevents hyperextension and holds femoral head in acetabulum
What are the main differences between ligaments and tendons?
- Ligament- bone to bone
- Tendon- muscle to bone
- Ligament- more injured in sports (takes many months to heal)
What arteries are associated with the shoulder?
- Subclavian
- Axillary
- Brachial, radial and ulnar
