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MRCEM Primary > Shoulder, pectoral and axilla anatomy > Flashcards

Shoulder, pectoral and axilla anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 muscles of the pectoral region.

A

Pectoralis major
Pectroalis minor
Serratus anterior
Subclavius

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2
Q

What is the most superficial muscle in the pectoral region?

A

Pectoralis major

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3
Q

What are the functions of the pectoralis major?

A

Adducts and medially rotates upper limb.
Draws scapula anteroinferiorly.
Flexes the upper limb (clavicular head).

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4
Q

What is the innervation of pectoralis major?

A

Lateral and medial pectoral nerves.

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5
Q

What muscle lies underneath pectoralis major?

A

Pectoralis minor.

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6
Q

What is the function of the pectoralis minor?

A

Stabilises scapula (pulls it anteroinferiorly against thoracic wall).

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7
Q

What is the innervation of the pectorals minor?

A

Medial pectoral nerve.

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8
Q

What border of the axilla does the serrates anterior form?

A

Medial border.

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9
Q

What border of the axilla do the pectorals major and minor form?

A

Anterior border.

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10
Q

What is the function of the serratus anterior?

A

Rotates the scapula, allowing arm to be raised >90 degrees.
Holds scapula against rib cage.

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11
Q

What is the innervation of the serrates anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve.

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12
Q

What is the function of the subclavius?

A

Anchors and depresses clavicle.

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13
Q

What is the innervation of the subclavius?

A

Nerve to subclavius.

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14
Q

What does the subclavius afford minor protection to?

A

The neuromuscular structures underlying the clavicle.

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15
Q

If the long thoracic nerve is damaged, what does this cause?

A

Winging of the scapula, as the serrates anterior cannot hold the scapula against the rib cage.

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16
Q

What is the most common cause of long thoracic nerve palsy?

A

Traction injuries (where the upper limb is stretched violently).

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17
Q

What are the actions of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Extends, adducts and medially rotates the upper limb.

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18
Q

What is the innervation of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve.

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19
Q

Which 2 bones articulate to form the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Sternum and clavicle.

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20
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Saddle-type synovial joint.

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21
Q

What provide the majority of the stability of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Ligaments (particularly the costoclavicular ligament).

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22
Q

Which movements do the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints aid in?

A

Pectoral movements.

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23
Q

Which 2 bones articulate to form the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Clavicle and acromion of the scapula.

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24
Q

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

A plane type synovial joint.

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25
Q

What provides the majority of stability for the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Ligaments.

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26
Q

What are the 2 main causes of acromioclavicular joint dislocation?

A

FOOSH
Direct blow to the joint

27
Q

Which muscle is responsible for abducting the shoulder past 90 degrees?

A

Serratus anterior.

28
Q

Which bones articulate to form the shoulder joint?

A

The scapula and the humerus.

29
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

A

Ball and socket synovial joint.

30
Q

Why is the shoulder joint so unstable?

A

The head of the humerus is much larger than the glenoid fossa.

31
Q

Name the 4 ligaments which provide stabilisation to the shoulder joint.

A

Glenohumeral ligaments
Coracohumeral ligament
Transverse humeral ligament
Coracoacromial ligament

32
Q

Where is the coracoacromial ligament in relation to the shoulder joint?

A

Forms an arch-like structure superiorly over the shoulder joint.

33
Q

What is the function of the coracoacromial ligament?

A

Resists superior displacement of the humeral head.

34
Q

Where is the transverse humeral ligament in relation to the shoulder joint?

A

Between the two tubercles of the humerus.

35
Q

What is the function of the transverse humeral ligament?

A

Holds the tendon of the long head of the biceps in the inter tubercular groove.

36
Q

Where is the coracohumeral ligament in relation to the shoulder joint?

A

Extends from the base of the coracoid process to the greater tubercle of the humerus.

37
Q

What is the function of the coracohumeral ligament?

A

Supports the superior part of the joint capsule.

38
Q

Where is the glenohumeral ligament in relation to the shoulder joint?

A

Extends from humerus to glenoid fossa.

39
Q

What is the function of the glenohumeral ligament?

A

Stabilises the anterior aspect of the joint.

40
Q

Which muscle provides the first 15 degrees of abduction at the shoulder?

A

Supraspinatus

41
Q

What muscle provides 15-90 degrees of abduction at the shoulder?

A

Middle fibres of the deltoid ligament.

42
Q

How does the glenoid labrum provide stability to the shoulder joint?

A

Deepens the glenoid cavity and creates a seal with the head of the humerus.

43
Q

How do the rotator cuff muscles contribute to stability of the shoulder joint?

A

When they are relaxed, they act to compress the humeral head into the glenoid cavity.

44
Q

What is the coracoacromial arch?

A

A group of bones and ligaments that forms the superior border of the supraspinatus outlet.

45
Q

Name the 4 structures that form the coracocacromial arch.

A

Coracoid process
Coracoacromial ligament
Acromioclavicular joint
Acromion

46
Q

Name the 6 intrinsic muscles of the shoulder joint.

A

Deltoid
Teres major
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

47
Q

Name the 4 rotator cuff muscles.

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

48
Q

What is the innervation of the supraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular nerve.

49
Q

What is the action of the supraspinatus?

A

Abducts the arm to 15 degrees.
Assist the deltoid to abduct the arm 15-90 degrees.

50
Q

What is the innervation of the infraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular nerve

51
Q

What is the function of the infraspinatus?

A

Laterally rotates the arm.

52
Q

What is the action of the subscapularis?

A

Medially rotates the arm.

53
Q

What is the innervation of the subscapularis?

A

Upper and lower subscapular nerves.

54
Q

What is the innervation of the Teres minor muscle?

A

Axillary nerve.

55
Q

What is the function of Teres minor?

A

Laterally rotates the arm.

56
Q

What is the innervation of the deltoid?

A

Axillary nerve.

57
Q

What is the function of the anterior deltoid fibres?

A

Flexion + medial rotation.

58
Q

What is the function of the middle deltoid fibres?

A

Abducts the arm between 15 and 90 degrees.

59
Q

What is the function of the posterior deltoid fibres?

A

Extension and lateral rotation.

60
Q

What is the innervation of the Teres major muscle?

A

Lower sub scapular nerve.

61
Q

What is the function of the Teres major muscle?

A

Adducts and extends at the shoulder
Medially rotates the arm.

62
Q

Which important nerve structure is transmitted through the axilla?

A

Brachial plexus.

63
Q

The axilla transmits what from the neck to the upper limb?

A

Neurovascular bundle:

Axillary artery
Axillary vein
Brachial plexus
Axillary lymph nodes
Biceps brachii (short head)
Coracobrachialis

64
Q

Which artery supplies the circumflex humeral arteries?

A

Axillary artery

MRCEM Primary (39 decks)

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