Skeletal System - Axial

Question 1

skull bones - frontal

Answer 1

parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

Question 2

temporal bone

Answer 2

mastoid process, mandibular fossa (head of mandible), jugular foramen (IJV, CN 9-11 pass through), carotid canal (ICA passes through)

Question 3

occipital bone

Answer 3

occipital condyles (articulation with C1), foramen magnum (spinal cord and vertebral arteries pass through it), external occipital protuberance (attachment of ligamentum nuchae)

Question 4

sphenoid

Answer 4

sella turcica (houses pituitary gland)

Question 5

ethmoid

Answer 5

perpendicular plate (nasal septum)

Question 6

skull bones - facial bones

Answer 6

mandible, maxilla, sutures

Question 7

mandible (lower)

Answer 7

head, coronoid process, ramus, body, alveolar process (teeth), angle

Question 8

maxilla (upper)

Answer 8

alveolar process (teeth), zygomatic (2), nasal (2), palatine, vomer (nasal septum), lacrimal (2, groove for lacrimal sac and tear duct)

Question 9

sutures

Answer 9

coronal (btw frontal and parietal bones), saggital (btwn parietals), lambdoidal (outlines occipital), squamosal (outlines temporal)

Question 10

vertebral column

Answer 10

4 sections; cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5 fused), coccyx (4 fused)

Question 11

typical vertebrae

Answer 11

body, transverse process, spinous process, pedicle (joins body to TP), lamina (joins TP and SP), vertebral foramen (opening for cord), sup/inf articulating surfaces, intervertebral foramen (lateral opening between vertebrae for spinal nerves)

Question 12

cervical vertebrae

Answer 12

first 7 vertebrae, only cervical have a transverse foramen (allows passage of vertebral artery into the cranial cavity), cervical vertebrae 3-7 are typical

Question 13

atypical cervical vertebrae

Answer 13

C1, C2

Question 14

C1

Answer 14

• atlas vertebrae
• articulates with occipital bone; supports the head
• has no body
• has anterior/posterior arches, no pedicle or lamina

Question 15

C2

Answer 15

• axis vertebrae
• has a structure termed “dens” (odontoid process) which serves as the body of the atlas vertebrae (fits against the posterior surface of the anterior arch of C1)

Question 16

“yes” movement

Answer 16

joint between the occipital condyles of the occipital bone and the superior articulating surfaces of C1

Question 17

“no” movement

Answer 17

joint between C1 and C2

Question 18

other cervical movement

Answer 18

flexion (fwd), extension (bkwd), lateral flexion (side to side), rotation

Question 19

thoracic vertebrae

Answer 19

12; all features of a typical vertebrae; facets @ lvl of the pedicle for head of rib; facets at transverse process for tubercule of the rib to articulate

Question 20

movement of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 20

flexion, extension, lateral movement and rotation; not as much intervertebral ROM as in the cervical region because of the attachment of the ribs

Question 21

lumbar vertebrae

Answer 21

5; all characteristics of a typical vertebrae

Question 22

movement of the lumbar vertebrae

Answer 22

flexion, extension, lateral movement, no rotation; orientation of sup/inf articulating surfaces are more vertically aligned than in other regions, preventing rotation; lots of weight distribution in this region so rotation would be too much torque stress on the intervertebral cartilage discs (could herniate/rupture)

Question 23

Sacrum (five fused)

Answer 23

-pelvic girdle supports the vertebral column; wedge shaped; auricular surfaces articulate with ilium of hip bone (sacro-iliac joint); median crest (remnant of spinous process); sacral canal (continuation of vert. column); sacral hiatus (inferior opening of sacral canal); dorsal and ventral foramina (same as intervertebral foramina)

Question 24

coccyx

Answer 24

4 fused, vestigial remnant of the tail

Question 25

intervertebral disc

Answer 25

fibrocartilage disc between vertebrae; no disc at atlanto-occipital articulation or atlanto-axial joint; annulus fibrosus (outer connective tissue rings); nucleus pulposus (inner gelatinous portion); provide cushion and allow movement

Question 26

vertebral ligaments

Answer 26

anterior/posterior longitudinal, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament, ligamentum nuchae

Question 27

anterior/posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 27

ligaments that run up and down on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae; anterior is wider and provides more coverage

Question 28

ligamentum flavum

Answer 28

an elastic ligament that joins the laminae of vertebrae; not continuous - runs from outside surface of the lamina of one vertebra to the inside surface of the lamina of the vertebra above

Question 29

interspinous ligament

Answer 29

ligaments that join the lateral sides of the spines of vertebrae

Question 30

supraspinous ligament

Answer 30

ligament that joins the tips of the spines of vertebrae

Question 31

ligamentum nuchae

Answer 31

an elastic ligament that is the continuation of the supraspinous ligament in the cervical region; this ligament provides surface area for muscle attachment and reduces muscle activity in the process of holding the head up

Question 32

vertebral curves

Answer 32

concave (primary) anterior curves in the vertebral column are found in the thoracic and sacral regions; convex (secondary/developmental) anterior curves in cervical (upright head) and lumbar regions (centre of gravity)

Question 33

kyphosis

Answer 33

exaggerated vertebral curve, lower cervical/thoracic

Question 34

lordosis

Answer 34

exaggerated lumbar curve

Question 35

scoliosis

Answer 35

lateral curve to the vertebral column

Question 36

ribs

Answer 36

7 true ribs - articulate with sternum by their own costal cartilage; 8-12 false ribs; 8-10 have a common costal cartilage that attaches to the cartilage of rib 7; ribs 11-12 are floating (anterior ends embedded in the abdominal muscles)

Question 37

rib landmarks

Answer 37

head - articulated with facet on vertebra; tubercle - articulates with facet on transverse process; angle - bend in the rib; costal end - anterior end that articulate by means of costal cartilage with the sternum

Question 38

sternum

Answer 38

manubrium (superior portion, articulates with clavicle and first rib, superior border is suprasternal notch), body (sternal angle is joint btwn manubrium and body - 2nd rib inserts here, level at which trachea and bronchi divide), xiphoid process (inferior portion)

Question 39

movements of thorax

Answer 39

3 directions to increase volume of cavity for inspiration; diaphragmatic contraction increases vertical dimension; elevation of ribs increases dimensions of the thorax front to back (calipers) and side to side (bucket handle)

Question 40

expiration

Answer 40

natural elastic recoil; in active respiration muscles pull thorax down and compress air in lungs, increasing pressure to higher than ambient and resulting in air rushing out