Tissues

Question 1

4 types of tissue

Answer 1

Every Cough Makes Noise

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 2

epithelial tissue - functions

Answer 2

• Physical/protective barrier; protects from mechanical and chemical injury and dehydration (exposed and internal), i.e. skin protecting from dehydration in severe burns; selective barrier btwn environment and internal structures i.e. respiratory system lining
• Absorption; regulates passage of substances into the body i.e. small intestines are lined with epithelial tissue
• Sensations; many specialized sensory receptors are epithelial tissue i.e. rods/cones, olfactory, taste buds
• Secretions; modified epithelial cells form glands

Question 3

Types of glands

Answer 3

Exocrine, Endocrine

Question 4

Exocrine glands

Answer 4

“excrete”; have ducts/tubes to transport/secrete i.e. salivary glands

Question 5

Endocrine glands

Answer 5

“do”; no ducts/tubes, produce hormones that are released into the environment surrounding the gland, pass into capillaries and into circulatory system i.e. thyroid

Question 6

epithelial tissue - structure

Answer 6

has a basement membrane (thin extracellular layer that separates epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue); regulates movement of molecules to deeper connective tissue; anchors epithelium to underlying tissue

Question 7

epithelial tissue - classification

Answer 7

squamous (thin/flat/wide); cuboidal (cuboid); columnar (slender/tall); can be simple (1 layer) or stratified (multiple layers)

Question 8

simple squamous

Answer 8

delicate, allow movement of molecules across a cell; found in inner lining of blood vessels (endothelium); lining of alveoli of lungs; lining of abdo cavity (mesothelium)

Question 9

simple cuboid

Answer 9

absorbs fluid across its surface; found in lining of nephron of kidney

Question 10

simple columnar (non-ciliated)

Answer 10

have microvilli on surface to increase surface area for better absorption/secretion; goblet cells may also be present to prod mucin; found in digestive system

Question 11

simple columnar (ciliated)

Answer 11

have cilia on the surface; have goblet cells to produce mucin; found in linng of the uterine tubule

Question 12

stratified squamous

Answer 12

adapted for protection; found in epidermis of skin

Question 13

stratified cuboidal

Answer 13

adapted for protection; not many examples; found in lining of sweat gland & salivary gland ducts

Question 14

stratified columnar

Answer 14

mainly for protection; not many examples; found in parts of male urethra and conjunctiva of the eye

Question 15

pseudostratified columnar

Answer 15

appears to be in layers but every cell makes contact w basement membrane; ciliated type w goblet cells located in respiratory system

Question 16

transitional epithelium

Answer 16

stratified layers of cells; found in urinary bladder; full = inner layer is thin and flat, empty = inner layer looks cuboid

Question 17

Types of connective tissue

Answer 17

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

Question 18

mesenchyme

Answer 18

undifferentiated embryological connective tissue; 4 types are all derived from mesenchyme (as are endo- and mesothelium)

Question 19

connective tissue - function

Answer 19

Silly Buddies Stick Together Please!

Support, Bind, Storage, Transport, Protection; bones form framework of body & muscle attachment, cartilage forms framework for trachea/bronchi, connective tissue forms capsules for organs; ligaments attach bone to bone, tendons attach muscle to bone; fat stores energy, bone stores calcium and phosphate; blood transports nutrients, waste, and hormones; skeletal system protects brain, cord, and organs (kidneys also have pocket of fat), contain white blood cells to destroy pathogens

Question 20

connective tissue proper, 2 types

Answer 20

loose, dense

Question 21

connective tissue, loose (3 types)

Answer 21

adipose, areolar, reticular

Question 22

areolar tissue

Answer 22

loose; widespread design, least specialized; holds water & surrounds capillaries; “prototype” - has a sample of almost all types of cells and fibres in other connective tissues; contains fibroblasts (& produces collagen, elastic, and reticular fibres), defence cells, adipose cells

Question 23

fibroblasts

Answer 23

fibre and ground substance-producing cells in areolar tissue

Question 24

collagen fibres

Answer 24

white, collagen protein, strong + flexible + resistant to stretch

Question 25

elastic fibres

Answer 25

yellow, elastin protein, stretch + recoil

Question 26

reticular fibres

Answer 26

made up of collagen protein (different from white), tough + flexible, branching + lattice like, found in spleen/lymphnodes

Question 27

ground substance

Answer 27

fibroblasts produce this colourless, viscous solution

Question 28

defence cells

Answer 28

different types of cells responsible for breaking down different pathogens, second line of defence after epithelial cells

Question 29

adipose cells

Answer 29

contain mainly lipids, energy storage/padding + protection, source of regulatory hormones such as leptin

Question 30

adipose tissue

Answer 30

loose; primary type of cells are fat cells; foundin breasts and around some organs for protection (kidneys)

Question 31

reticular tissue

Answer 31

connective tissue of reticular fibres predominantly; found in hollow organs (liver, spleen, lymph nodes) that act like a sponge to trap fluids

Question 32

connective tissue proper, dense; 3 types

Answer 32

regular, irregular, elastic; less gorund substance and more fibrous than loose

Question 33

regular connective tissue

Answer 33

dense; parallel collagen fibres, densely packed; poor blood supply = slow to heal if damaged; found in ligaments and tendons

Question 34

irregular connective tissue

Answer 34

predominantly collagen fibres in an irregular/meshwork pattern; in dermis of the skin, surrounding cartilage (perichondrium) and surrounding bone (periosteum)

Question 35

elastic connective tissue

Answer 35

collagen and elastic fibres; found in elastic ligaments like ligamentum nuchae (joins spinous process of cervical vertebrae)

Question 36

Membranes, 4 types

Answer 36

skin (cutaneous), mucous, serous, synovial

Question 37

cutaneous membrane

Answer 37

outer layer of epidermis (epithelium); deeper layer of dermis (connective tissue)

Question 38

mucous membrane

Answer 38

composed of epithelial layer over loose connective tissue; mucous producing cells in epithelial layer; found in lining of hollow organs exposed to external environment; membranes differ in types of epithelial tissue depending on location; found in lining of the respiratory system, urinary system, digestive system, and reproductive system

Question 39

serous membrane

Answer 39

made up of simple epithelial tissue over a layer of areolar tissue; lines pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and peritoneal cavity; produces thin, watery fluid that prevents friction when internal organs move

Question 40

synovial membrane

Answer 40

composed of synovial epithelial cells over loose connective tissue; inner lining of joint capsules of most freely movable joints; secretes synovial fluid that lubricates and protects the joint & provides nutrients to joint

Question 41

cartilage cells

Answer 41

made up of chondroblasts (produce collagen, elastic fibres and ground substance), chondrocytes (mature cartilage cell), and perichondrium (outer dense connective tissue proper layer covering cartilage); ground substance makes cartilage solid but pliable

Question 42

cartilage types (3)

Answer 42

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Question 43

hyaline cartilage

Answer 43

most common; high concentration of thin/find collagen fibres; precursor to skeletal system; located as articular cartilage at epiphysis of long bones (smooth glassy surface) and anterior end of ribs to join to sternum; articular cartilage doesn't have perichondrium

Question 44

elastic cartilage

Answer 44

similar to hyaline but with predominantly elastic fibres making cartilage flexible and resilient; has outer covering of perichondrium; found in ear and epiglottis of larynx

Question 45

fibrocartilage

Answer 45

chondrocytes and collagen fibres arranged in parallel rows; found in intervertebral discs and menisci in the knee; absorbs shock and resists compression; no perochondrial covering (compression would damage this layer)