Skeletal System & Joints

Question 1

How many bones does the human body have?

Answer 1

206

Question 2

How are bones grouped?

Answer 2

Axial and appendicular skeleton

Question 3

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

Answer 3

• Cranium
• Spinal Vertebrae
• Ribs
• Sternum
• Sacrum
• Coccyx

Question 4

Function of the axial skeleton

Answer 4

Protects internal organs

Question 5

Function of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 5

Facilitate movement

Question 6

Name the 5 types of bones

Answer 6

1) Long
2) Short
3) Flat
4) Irregular
5) Sesamoid

Question 7

Function of flat bones

Answer 7

Protect internal organs such as the brain, heart and lungs

Question 8

Name the different flat bones

Answer 8

Cranial bones
Scapulae
Sternum
Ribs

Question 9

Function of long bones

Answer 9

Support the weight of the body and facilitate movement

Question 10

Name the different long bones

Answer 10

Humerus
Radius & Ulna
Femur
Tibia & Fibula
Metacarpals & metatarsals

Question 11

What are short bones?

Answer 11

Cube-shaped components of the wrist and ankle joints

Question 12

Name the different short bones

Answer 12

Carpals (arm)
Tarsals (foot)

Question 13

Irregular bones vary in?

Answer 13

shape & structure

Question 14

Name the different irregular bones

Answer 14

Vertebrae
Pelvic bones

Question 15

Function of sesamoid bones

Answer 15

Reinforce tendons, protecting them from stress & wear

Question 16

Name the sesamoid bone

Answer 16

Patella

Question 17

Epiphysis

Answer 17

The rounded end of a long bone

Question 18

Diaphysis

Answer 18

The shaft of a long bone

Question 19

Articular cartilage

Answer 19

The articulating surface in freely movable joints.

• smooth
• slippery
• porous
• malleable
• insensitive
• avascular (bloodless)

Question 20

Periosteum

Answer 20

Dense, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of bones. A connective tissue layer that plays a crucial role in the growth, repair and nourishment of bones.

Question 21

What does Cancellous (spongy) bone consist of and where are they found?

Answer 21

Consists of interwoven beams (trabeculae) of bone in the:
- epiphyses of long bones
- bodies of the vertebrae
- other bones without cavities

Question 22

What do Compact bones form?

Answer 22

Forms the stout walls of the diaphysis & the thinner outer surface of other bones where there is no articular cartilage (eg flat bones of the skull)

Question 23

Medullary cavity

Answer 23

The cavity of the diaphysis.

• Red in the young
• Yellow when mature

Question 24

What is red marrow?

Answer 24

A red, gelatinous substance composed of red & white blood cells in a variety of developmental forms & specialized capillaries enmeshed in reticular tissue.

Question 25

What is yellow marrow?

Answer 25

Fatty connective tissue that does not produce blood cells

Question 26

Nutrient artery

Answer 26

The principle artery and major supplier of oxygen & nutrients to the shaft or body of a bone

Question 27

Endochondral Ossification - bone development

Answer 27

A process by which bones are formed and developed in the skeletal system.

Question 28

How many steps are there in the endochondral ossification process?

Answer 28

8 steps

Question 29

At what age does the endochondral process start and end?

Answer 29

Starts at 5 weeks after fertilization and ends at age 12-20 years

Question 30

3 classifications of joints

Answer 30

1) immovable (synarthroses) 2) partly movable (amphiarthroses) 3) freely movable (synovial joint or diarthroses)

Question 31

Fibrous joints

Answer 31

- synarthroses (immovable) - articulating bones connected by fibrous tissue - structures of the skull - Teeth in their socket are fixed fibrous joints

Question 32

Partly movable fibrous joints

Answer 32

Syndesmoses interosseous ligaments between bones of the forearm or bones of the leg

Question 33

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 33

- immovable joints seen during growth - such as growth plates & the joint between the 1st rib and the sternum

Question 34

Fibrocartilaginous joints

Answer 34

- partly movable fibrocartilaginous joints Example: intervertebral disc & part of the sacroiliac joint

Question 35

Sympheses

Answer 35

- partly movable fibrocartilaginous joints Example: pubic bones (symphysis pubis) & the manubrium and the body of the sternum (sternal angle)

Question 36

Synovial joints

Answer 36

- freely movable - articulating bones - articular cartilage - synovial membrane - synovial cavity (fluid) - joint capsule - bursa - collateral ligament

Question 37

Types of Synovial Joints

Answer 37

- Ball & socket - Hinge - Saddle - Ellipsoid - Pivot - Gliding

Question 38

Ball & socket joints

Answer 38

- hip & shoulder - movements in all direction are permitted: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal, external rotation and circumduction

Question 39

Hinge joint

Answer 39

- permits movement in one plane only: flexion/ extension - ankle - interphalangeal - elbow - knee

Question 40

Saddle joint

Answer 40

- carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb - permits all motions besides rotation

Question 41

Ellipsoid joint

Answer 41

- reduced ball & socket configuration in which significant rotation is largely excluded - the bicondylar knee, temporomandilibular & radiocarpal (wrist) joints

Question 42

Pivot joint

Answer 42

- a ring of bone around a peg; ex the C1 vertebra rotates about the dens of C2 - a rounded numeral capitulum on which the radial head pivots (rotates)

Question 43

Gliding joints

Answer 43

- ex the facet joints of the vertebrae, the acromioclavicular, intercarpal & intertarsal joints generally have flat articulating surfaces

Question 44

Mention the 6 Cranial Bones of the skull

Answer 44

- Occipital - Parietal - Frontal - Temporal - Ethmoid - Sphenoid

Question 45

Mention the 8 Facial Bones of the skull

Answer 45

- Nasal - Vomer - Lacrimal - Zygomatic - Palatine - Maxilla - Mandible - Inferior Nasal Concha

Question 46

What do two temporomandibular joints form?

Answer 46

Craniomandibular Joint

Question 47

What forms the temporomandibular joint?

Answer 47

- Temporal bone - Mandible - Condylar process

Question 48

Mention the 3 different types of joints

Answer 48

- Fibrous joints - Cartilaginous joints - Synovial joints

Question 49

Movement of TMJ Temporomandibular Joint

Answer 49

- Lateral - Protrusion - Retraction - Elevation - Depression

Question 50

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Answer 50

- upper limbs - lower limbs - shoulder girdle - pelvis

Question 51

Scapula

Answer 51

- medial border - lateral border - superior border - inferior angle

Question 52

The skeleton

Answer 52

Provides structure & protection as well as facilitates motion