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Sketchy Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Picornavirus:
What kind of virus are Picornaviruses?

A

Naked Positive sense RNA viruses

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2
Q

Picornavirus:
How are Picornaviruses transmitted?

A

Fecal oral transmission
*Except for rhinovirus which is through respiratory droplets

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3
Q

Picornavirus:
How do Picornaviruses replicate into proteins?

A

Host cell RNA polymerase

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4
Q

Picornavirus:
Where of positive sense RNA viruses replicate?

A

Host cell cytoplasm

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5
Q

Picornavirus:
What are the subfamilies of Picornaviruses?

A

Hepatitis A, Enterovirus, and Rhinovirus

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6
Q

Picornavirus:
What are the viruses under the subfamily Enterovirus?

A

Poliovirus, Coxsackie A and B, and Echovirus

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7
Q

Picornavirus:
What is the number one cause for aseptic meningitis?

A

Enteroviruses

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8
Q

Picornavirus:
What are the CSF levels for viral meningitis?

A
  • Normal glucose
  • no organisms shown (aseptic)
  • Elevated proteins
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9
Q

Picornavirus:
What patient population are commonly affect by aseptic meningitis?

A

Children

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10
Q

Poliovirus:
Is the poliovirus acid stable or acid labile?

A

Acid stable

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11
Q

Poliovirus:
Where does the Poliovirus replicate?
How long does it take to replicate?

A
  • Peyer’s patches, located in the submucosa of the ileum. (Lymphoid tissue)
  • 2-3 weeks
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12
Q

Poliovirus:
Where does the virus affect?

A

Anterior horn of the spinal cord causing asymmetric paralysis in the lower legs, myalgias, and decreased deep tendon reflexes.
If the virus ascends, causes respiratory insufficiency from paralysis of the diaphragm.

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13
Q

Poliovirus:
How can you treat Polio?

A
  • No treatment
  • Prevent via Salk (killed vaccine) and oral Sabin (live attenuated) vaccine
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14
Q

Poliovirus:
What are the differences between the Salk and Sabin vaccines?

A

Salk only produces IgG antibodies whereas Sabin produces IgA and IgG. Because Sabin is live attenuated, there’s a risk of spreading the virus via fecal oral causing paralysis in another individual.

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15
Q

Coxsackievirus:
What kind of rash would you see in Hand foot mouth disease?

A

Red vesicular rash

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16
Q

Coxsackievirus:
When do infections commonly occur?

A

In the summer months

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17
Q

Coxsackievirus:
What can Coxsackie B virus cause?

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy
* Also the devil’s grip: Bornholm’s disease/ Pleurodynia: an extreme sharp unilateral lower chest pain that makes it hard to breathe

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18
Q

Coxsackievirus:
How do you treat coxsackie viruses?

A

Supportive treatment dw about it on test day, know clinical features.

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19
Q

Rhinovirus:
Is rhinovirus acid stable or acid labile?

A

Acid labile, cannot survive the GI tract.

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20
Q

Rhinovirus:
Why is washing hands important in preventing Rhinovirus?

A

Transmission through fomites (objects of carry ie utensils, furniture)

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21
Q

Rhinovirus:
How does rhinovirus enter the body?

A

Attaching itself to ICAM-1

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22
Q

Rhinovirus:
What temperature does Rhinovirus like to grow?

A

Cooler temperatures around 33 degree C, which is why the upper respiratory tract is where it likes to grow because of constant ventilation

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23
Q

Rhinovirus:
Why is it difficult to make a vaccine for Rhinovirus?

A

Too many serotypes (113!)

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24
Q

Hepatitis A:
How does Hep A present clinically?

A
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Jaundice
  • Anicteric hepatitis in young children and infants
  • also avoidance to smoking tobacco (INTERESTING!)
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25
Hepatitis A: Describe the symptom duration and resolve of Hep A:
- symptoms typically last less than 2 months - virus is self limited - no carrier or chronic state
26
Hepatitis A: How can Hep A be prevented?
Inactivated vaccine
27
Hepatitis A: Which pt populations are considered high risk for contracting Hep A?
- living in endemic areas - chronic liver disease - homeless - men to men sexual relations - IVDA
28
Calicivirus: What kind of virus is Calicivirus?
Naked Positive sense RNA virus
29
Calicivirus: What are the viruses under Calicivirus?
Norovirus/Norwalk Virus
30
Calicivirus: What patient population are typically affected by Norovirus?
- People of close compartments ie cruise ships *Responsible for over 90% of all outbreaks of diarrheal illness on cruises - Also young children at daycare/schools
31
Calicivirus: How is Norovirus transmitted?
Eating shellfish and touching
32
Calicivirus: What kind of gastroenteritis is caused by Norovirus?
Explosive diarrhea
33
Flaviviridae What kind of virus is the Flaviviridae virus?
Enveloped Positive sense RNA virus
34
Flaviviridae: How many Flaviviridae families are there?
5
35
Flaviviridae: What are arboviruses?
Viruses transmitted through a vector like a tick or mosquito. An arthropod born virus.
36
Flaviviridae: Name the different arboviruses:
- Dengue virus -
37
Flaviviridae: What vector does dengue virus transmit through?
Aedes aegypti mosquito
38
Flaviviridae: What does Dengue fever cause?
Attacks the bone marrow so you would see thrombocytopenia, hemorrhagic fever, renal failure, septic shock, and death
39
Flaviviridae: How can you treat Dengue Fever?
- No definitive treatment - Avoid mosquitoes - a tetravalent live attenuated vaccine is available in endemic but patient must have a confirmed previous dengue infection or else no infection prior can cause deadly infection (DONT GIVE SHOT UNTIL UR DAMN SURE THEY HAD DENGUE)
40
Flaviviridae: What is the vector for yellow fever?
Aedes aegypti mosquito (Same as dengue)
41
Flaviviridae: What can yellow fever cause?
- jaundice - lumbosacral pain - bloody diarrhea - bloody vomiting - epistaxis, gingival bleeding, petechiae, and ecchymosis - low platelet counts and abnormal coagulation
42
Flaviviridae: How is yellow fever prevented?
- avoid mosquito bites - live attenuated vaccine for travelers
43
Flaviviridae: How is the Zika virus transmitted?
Aedes aegypti mosquito
44
Flaviviridae: How can Zika virus spread once in the body?
Vertical and sexual transmission *Virus can cross the placenta
45
Flaviviridae: Describe Congenital Zika syndrome:
Microcephally, undeveloped brain tissue and neurological dysfunction.
46
Flaviviridae: How does Zika virus present?
Fever, rash, conjunctivitis Also can cause Guillain Barre syndrome
47
Flaviviridae: What is the reservoir for West Nile virus?
Birds
48
Flaviviridae: What is the vector for West Nile virus?
Culex spp mosquito
49
Flaviviridae: What symptoms would you expect with West Nile virus?
- 80% asymptomatic - 20% fever, nausea, body aches - rarely can cause encephalitis - Meningitis which can lead to acute flaccid paralysis - seizure and movement disorders mimicking Parkinson's Disease - coma
50
Flaviviridae: How can you diagnose West Nile virus?
PCR and Serology on CSF
51
Flaviviridae: Which arbovirus is Mc seen in the US?
West nile virus
52
Flaviviridae: What kind of Virus is Hepatitis C?
Enveloped Positive sense RNA virus
53
Flaviviridae: What is the key virulence factor for Hep C?
RNA dependent RNA polymerase which lacks proofreading exonuclease activity. Meaning it mutated really quickly to evade the immune system. Process of 'antigenic variation'
54
Flaviviridae: How is Hep C commonly transmitted?
Sharing needles and blood transfusion.
55
Flaviviridae: How can you determine Hep C in its acute phase (<6mo)?
Fluctuating ALTs - also nonspecific symptoms: nausea, jaundice, upper right quadrant pain, or low grade fever
56
Flaviviridae: What can chronic Hep C progress to?
Liver cirrhosis and HCC
57
Flaviviridae: How can you diagnose Hep C?
- HCV Ab screening test If positive, - HCV RNA screening test * +RNA test = active infection * if Negative Ab test and + RNA test, occult infection whether window period or immunocompromised * if negative for both test and still suspecting exposure, recheck at one, three, and six months
58
Flaviviridae: How can you treat Hep C?
- Direct antivirals - Vaccinate against Hep A and Hep B
59
Flaviviridae: If a pt with Hep C progresses to cirrhosis, what do you routinely check?
Serum AFP, alpha FETO protein, and liver ultrasound to detect for HCC
60
Coronaviridae: What kind of virus is the coronavirus?
Enveloped Positive sense single stranded RNA virus
61
What two viruses can cause the common cold?
Rhinovirus and Coronavirus
62
Coronaviridae: How is coronavirus transmitted?
Zoonotic; Bats are primary host
63
Coronaviridae: What are the different coronaviruses?
SARS-CoV MERS-CoV SARS-CoV-2 (Covid 19)
64
Coronaviridae: Describe the structure of coronavirus:
- Helical nucleocapsid (N protein) bound to RNA genome - N protein surrounded by an envelope - Envelope proteins include a Membrane protein, Envelope protein, and Spike protein M, E, S. - S protein is heavily glycosylated (gives the spike appearance)
65
Coronaviridae: What receptors does coronavirus bind to infect?
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), mainly on Type 2 alveolar cells - MERS binds to dipeptidyle peptidase 4 (DPP4)
66
Coronaviridae: How is the genome replicated?
Host cell ribosomes
67
Coronaviridae: How are virions cleaved?
Viral proteases
68
Coronaviridae: What makes the coronavirus deemed to be complete in its replication?
Budding out of the Golgi, different from other viruses
69
Coronaviridae: How is coronavirus transmitted?
Airborne or droplet transmission
70
Coronaviridae: Why do some pts develop ARDS?
Cytokine storm
71
Coronaviridae: How is Coronavirus diagnosed?
- Nucleic acid antigen test (NAAT) on nasopharyngeal swab on RT-PCR - Serology testing to check for hx of infection
72
Coronaviridae: Which SARS-CoV-2 gene is directly translated into two long polyproteins?
- Replicase gene - The replicase gene is produced first upon direct translation of positive- sense RNA genome. The gene is translated into two long polyproteins, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to release more proteins for replication and transcription.
73
Togaviridae: What subfamily of viruses are under Togaviridae?
Alphavirus
74
Togaviridae: What viruses are under the subfamily of Alphaviruses?
Three equine encephalitis and Chikungunya virus associated with arthralgia.
75
Togaviridae: What is the genetic makeup of Togaviridae viruses? Are they enveloped or naked?
Positive sense, single stranded RNA virus - Also Enveloped
76
Togaviridae: What shape are the Togaviridae viruses?
Capsid and envelope are icosahedral
77
Togaviridae: How many "equine" viruses are there?
3 - Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus - Western Equine Encephalitis virus - Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus
78
Togaviridae: What is the reservoir for the "equine" viruses?
Birds
79
Togaviridae: What other species are infected?
Horses (zoonotic) - if you are noticing horses getting infected, high chance humans are next
80
Togaviridae: Where on the map does EEEV infect?
Eastern US along the Atlantic and Gulf Coast - Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, and Florida - also Carribbean
81
Togaviridae: When in the year are people at the most risk?
Summertime
82
Togaviridae: Where does the WEEV infect?
Western and Southwestern US
83
Togaviridae: Where do VEEV infect?
Central and south america Florida and Mexico
84
Togaviridae: What is the vector for CHICKV?
Aedes aegypti Mosquito
85
Togaviridae: How does CHICKV present?
Fever, then bilateral hand arthralgia (virus replicated in the joint!), also measles-like-maculopapular-rash first at extremities then more generalized, rash can be bullies too.
86
Matonaviridae: What virus is under this family?
Rubella
87
Matonaviridae: What is the pt population for Rubella virus?
Children *major exanthem*
88
Matonaviridae: What is the genetic makeup of Rubella virus? Is it enveloped or naked?
SS positive sense RNA Enveloped
89
Matonaviridae: How does Rubella spread?
Respiratory droplets
90
Matonaviridae: Describe the Rubella rash:
Macules and Papules starting at the face, spreading to the extremetis.
91
Matonaviridae: What are other names for Rubella?
German Measles/ 3 day Measles
92
Matonaviridae: How does Rubella typically present?
- Maculapapular rash - Lumphadenopathy (posterior auricular). esp post. cervical - adults can experience arthralgias
93
Matonaviridae: What are some consequences of congenital rubella infection?
Miscarriage, still birth, and preterm birth
94
Matonaviridae: When in pregnancy is the rubella virus most dangerous?
10 weeks, vital organs like the heart, brain, and eyes are developing.
95
Matonaviridae: How does congenital rubella syndrome present?
- blueberry muffin rash (non blanching), the pupural is hematopoiesis happening outside the bone marrow - jaundice - CATARACTS (25% occurrence), corneal clouding, glaucoma, and retinopathy are also present - bilateral sensorineural hearing loss - microcephaly, meningoencephalitis, and developmental delay - classically associated with a PDA - stenosis of the branches of the pulmonary artery seen on CXR -
96
Matonaviridae: What kind of vaccine is for the Rubella virus?
Live-attentuated vaccine (MMR) or (MMRV) - Give to pts 12 mo or older - DO NOT GIVE TO PREGNANT PTS - CONTRAINDICATED IN PTS WITH HIV AND CD4 < 200

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