slideshow Flashcards
1
Q
Viscerocranium -
A
lower part, bones forming the face (maxillary and zygomatic)
2 nasal bones, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 zygomatic bones, maxilla (with piriform fossa), 2 inferior nasal conchae, unpaired vomer, palatine bone (roof of mouth)
2
Q
Neurocranium -
A
upper part, bones around brain (cranial vault - cavity and calvaria - skull cap)
Frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, 2 temporal bones, 2 sphenoid bones (apex of orbit), ethmoid bone, occipital bone
3
Q
Coronal sutures
A
frontal-parietal
4
Q
Sagittal suture
A
parietal-parietal
5
Q
Lambdoid suture
A
parietals-occipital looks like the Greek letter Lambda
6
Q
Squamosal suture
A
temporal-parietal
7
Q
Wormian bones lie
A
within the sutures (aka Inca bones)
8
Q
The skull is much shorter in children and elongates in the viscerocranium. This is significant because the Eustacian tube is more ____ in children
A
horizontal
9
Q
More horizontal Eustachian tube in children results in
A
more common ear infections
10
Q
describe Neurocranium boney middle layer
A
Intermediate - cancellous bone (diploe)
Houses and protects RBC and red bone marrow
11
Q
Diploic veins - run through ___ ____ (frontal diploic v., anterior and posterior temporal diploic v., occipital diploic v.) anastamose with each other. Drain the scalp and neurocranium - drains into dural venous sinuses (which is the superior sagittal sinus).
A
diploe bone
12
Q
explain scalp vein drainage all the way through
A
Scalp v > diploic v > emissary v > superior sagittal sinus
13
Q
The anterior fontanelle is known as the
A
Bregma (soft spot)
14
Q
Oribt of skull borders
A
MS. ELFZ Feels A Mean Raw Labia Floor- Maxilla Apex- greater wing of Sphenoid bone Medial Wall- Ethoid bones (orbital plate) and Lacrimal bones Roof- Frontal Bone Lateral Wall- Zygomatic Bone
15
Q
Lefort Fracture 1
A
Lower maxilla
16
Q
Lefort Fracture 2
A
upper maxilla, under orbits
17
Q
Lefort Fracture 3
A
though orbits
18
Q
Pterion
A
Weak spot due to skull thickness
Meeting place for the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones
19
Q
Pterion Fracture
A
results in damage to the anterior branch of middle meningeal a. > epidural hematoma (fatal 15-20%)
20
Q
Mandible articulates with skull at
A
TMJ (temporal mandibular joint)
21
Q
Your mandible forms your lower jaw. What kind of joint does it create?
A
combination hinge and gliding joint (protrusion, retraction, elevation and depression
22
Q
Inferior alveolar n. enters through
A
mandibular foramen
23
Q
Inferior alveolar n. enters through mandibular foramen and provides ______. What does it exit out of, and what happens when it exits?
A
sensation to lower teeth and gums then exits mental foramen as the mental n.
24
Q
What travels with the inferior alveolar n.?
A
The inferior alveolar a
25
SCALP stands for:
```
S- skin
C- connective tissue (dense, vascular)
A- aponeurosis (connects frontalis and occipitalis)
L- loose connective tissue
P- pericranium (periosteum)
```
*Aponeurosis is known as the Galea Aponeurotic*
26
Rostral
front of head
27
Caudal
back of head/tail
28
Cephalic
toward head
29
Ipsilateral
same side
30
Contralateral
opposite side
31
Where is the Corpora quadrigemina located? and what is it?
It's located on the midbrain and it has 2 superior colliculi and 2 inferior colliculi
32
2 superior colliculi
vision reflex
33
2 inferior colliculi
audition reflex
34
Where is your Olive found
its a landmark on your ventral medulla
35
Your cerebellum has Tonsils on posterior lobe, what happens if the brain swells?
they can cause herniation, pressure on the brainstem so the person to not be able to breathe!
36
Cerebellum Function
coordinates muscular activity, mediates posture/equilibrium
37
Dysenergia
Cerebellum lesion-
| muscles don't work together
38
Ataxia
Cerebellum lesion-
| unable to coordinate movements, jerky motion of trunk
39
Dysmetria
Cerebellum lesion
| past pointing
40
Dysdiadochokinesia
can’t rapidly alternate
41
Secondary brain vesicles:
```
Telencephalon (cerebrum)
Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
Mylencephalon (medulla)
```
42
What are the tiers of the thalamus separated by? and
| Explain the "Tiers" of the thalamus
Tiers are separated by internal medullary lamina:
Anterior tier - one nuclei
Medial tier - two nuclei
Lateral tier - lots of nuclei
43
Relay nuclei
take in sensation from incoming systems and relay to the cortex
These are specific to the sense. For example the lateral geniculate body relays vision and the ventral-posterior nucleus relays pain/temp.
44
Diffuse nuclei
non-specific, carry information from the ascending reticular formation to the relay nuclei
45
Association nuclei
receive info from other thalamic nuclei and send to association areas in cortex
46
Hypothalamus (and what does it technically innervate)
integrating center for ANS, innervates viscera and controls visceral function
Parasympathetic (rest and digest) vs. sympathetic (fight or flight)
47
What is the pituitary gland controlled by
the hypothalamus
48
3 parts of pituitary gland
Pars anterior -
Pars posterior -
Pars intermedia
49
What do all 3 parts of the pituitary gland do?
secrete hormones!
50
Pars anterior
Anterior - Teachers Are Failures Letting Students Pass
TSH-(Thyroid Stimulating Hormone- metabolism)
ACTH (AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone- stress)
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone- maturation of ovum + testes)
LH (Lutinizing Hormone- ovulation and testosterone production)
SGH (Growth hormone)
PRL (Prolactin- lactation)
51
Pars Posterior
OV
Octocin- facilitates labor
Vasopressin (ADH)- retain water
52
Pars Intermediate
MSH- melanocyte stimulating horomone- maintains normal skin tone
53
In your epithalamus you have your ____ which calcifies in adults
Pineal gland (secretes melatonin)
54
Subthalamus prevents what? Explain how this is different from other areas
Prevents dyskinesias or hemiballismus. This is different than dysenergia because this is movement all the time (even at rest) whereas dysenergia is excessive movement when the person is trying to move.
55
dyskinesias or hemiballismus is injury to
subthalamus
56
dyskinesias or hemiballismus=
movement all the time (even at rest)
57
dysenergia is
injury to cerebellum
| excessive movement when the person is trying to move.
58
Parkinson’s disease
Caused by injury to Substantia nigra
tremor at rest, pill rolling tremor
Dark pigmented cells that produce dopamine are degenerated
59
Sulci
infolding grooves in cerebral cortex
60
gyri
elevations in cerebral cortex
61
Precentral gyrus... AKA? What originates here? What does it do?
aka primary motor area, most pyramidal tract fibers originate here, fine digital and voluntary movement
62
Premotor cortex
control of gross motor and trunk movement
63
Supplementary motor area
plans performance of a sequence of movements from memory (ex. Putting on a shirt)
64
Frontal eye fields
motor control of extraocular movements (conjugate deviation)
65
Prefrontal cortex
CEO of brain, executive control such as personality, emotions, problem-solving, reasoning and decision-making
66
Basal portion of frontal lobe
pars orbitalis, pars opercularis, pars triangularis (these two make up the Broca’s area - drive motor speech and dominant on L side)
67
Postcentral gyrus where is it? What is it? How does it get its information
In the Parietal lobe
primary somatosensory area, receives projections from thalamic relay nuclei, perceives general sensation such as pain, temp and tactile sense
68
General sensory association area does what?
processes sensory info
69
2 parts of Inferior parietal lobule parts
1. Supramarginal gyrus
| 2. Angular gyrus
70
Supramarginal gyrus- where does it sit? and what is a disorder to this area called?
sits on top of Sylvian fissure ending, provides sensory/tactile feedback to guide motor tasks. Disorder = dyspraxia.
71
Dyspraxia
injury to supramarginal, impacts an individual's ability to plan and process motor tasks
72
Angular gyrus
reading association area. Disorders include reading delay, agraphia, acalculia, agnosia
73
Occipital Lobe Contains
Primary visual area
| Visual association area
74
Primary visual area- location? How does it receive it's information? Lesion =
- just outside the calcarine sulcus
- Receives relay nuclei association with vision from thalamus
- Lesions = cortical blindness
75
Visual association area - what's around it? and what is a lesion to it called?
medial occipital cortex located on either side of the primary cortex and lateral occipital cortex
Lesion = visual agnosia
76
Wernicke’s speech association area- and what side is it dominant on?
language comprehension, dominant on the left
77
What connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s directly
Arcuate fasciculus
78
receptive aphasia is a lesion to
Wernicke’s speech association area
79
Incoming olfactory info does not...
pass through the thalamus
80
Hippocampus
- part of limbic lobe
| - emotional behavior and memory
81
Expressive aphasia
damage to Broca’s area so patient can’t form words but knows what they want to say
82
Agraphia
difficulty writing/spelling, damage to angular gyrus
83
Acalculia
difficulty with basic math
| damage to angular gyrus
84
Finger agnosia
can’t count fingers
| damage to angular gyrus
85
Dyspraxia
damage to likely left parietal association area so patient cannot plan and process motor tasks
86
Ideomotor- and what is it an injury to
patient knows what to do but can’t seem to do it, damage to supramarginal gyrus
87
Cortical blindness is a lesion to
lesion to primary visual area
88
Visual agnosia
patient can’t recognize the object in front of them, damage to visual association area
89
Receptive aphasia
patient hears speech but can’t understand, damage to Wernicke’s area
90
Global aphasia
both Broca’s and Wenicke’s are damaged
91
Alzheimer’s
one of the first parts affected is the hippocampus
92
Epidural space
viable space in vertebral column (fat and venous plexus) but only a potential space in the cranium
93
Tentorium cerebelli
covers posterior cranial fossa and cerebellum
94
Falx cerebri - lies where? attaches to?
| And, what lies between the two lobes of the cerebellum?
lies within median longitudinal fissure and attaches rostrally to crista galla. Falx cerebelli lies between lobes of cerebellum.
95
Cervical Plexus
And Lets Get Together Sometime Please
```
Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)
Lesser occipital n (C2)
```
Greater auricular n (C2-C3)
Transverse cervical n (C2-C3)
Supraclavicular n (C3-C4)
Phrenic n (C3-C5)
96
2 Motor Branches of Cervical Plexus
Ansa Cervicalis: sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid (both bellies)
Phrenic: diaphragm
97
4 Sensory Branches of Cervical Plexus
Lesser occipital n (C2)
Back of the head
Greater auricular n (C2-C3)
Ear, carotid gland
Transverse Cervical n. (C2-C3)
Anterolateral neck
```
Supraclavicular n (C3-C4)
Area over clavicle
```
98
Muscles of Mastication- To close the mouth
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
99
Muscles of Mastication- to open the mouth
Lateral pterygoid
100
Temporalis O/I
O: temporal fossa
I: coronoid process
101
Masseter O/I
O: zygomatic bone
I: lateral angle of mandible
102
Medial pterygoid O/I
O: pterygoid fossa
I: medial angle of mandible
103
Lateral pterygoid
O: lat. pterygoid plate
I: mandibular condyle and articular disc
104
Describe the arrangement of the Teeth
```
4 incisors (medial/lateral)
2 canines
4 premolars (1st, 2nd)
6 molars (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
```
105
How many teeth on top? How many teeth on bottom?
16 on top, 16 on bottom
106
Infections of scalp can spread through which layer
the loose connective tissue layer
107
Significance of the circle of Willis
collateral blood flow
| protective against stroke
108
how many teeth do children have?
20
109
intrinsics MUSCLES of the tongue
Intrinsic:
- longitudinal (roll tongue up)
- transverse (make hot dog)
- vertical (flatten out) - (CN XII)
110
Genioglossus: ?→?, What does it do? CN ?
chin → tongue; stick out tongue; CN XI
111
Hyoglossus:? → ?, what does it do? CN?
hyoid → tongue; “ahhh @ doctor”; CN XII
112
Styloglossus: ? → ?; what does it do? CN ?
styloid process → tongue; bring tongue back in; CN XII
113
Palatoglossus: ? → ?; what does It do?; CN ?
soft palate → tongue; lift tongue, oppose soft palate; CN X
114
Sensation to tongue
ant ⅔: V3 (lingual br)
Ant ⅔ taste: CN VII (chorda tympani)
Post ⅓ general and taste: CN IX (glossopharyngeal- lingual br)
115
Parotid innervation- parasympathetic = CN?
CN IX
116
Submandibular parasympathetic innervation = CN ?
CN VII
117
Sublingual parasympathetic innervation CN ?
CN VII
118
5 SOFT Muscles of palate
```
Levator Veli Palatini
Tensor Veli Palatini
Palatopharyngeus
Palatoglossus
Musculus Uvuli
```
119
ALL SOFT MUSCLES OF PALATE INNERVATED BY VAGUS NERVE EXCEPT
TENSOR VELI PALATINI (V3)
120
Levator Veli Palatini
Helps lift palate and clear way
121
Tensor Veli Palatini
Tenses palate for swallowing
122
Palatopharyngeus & Palatoglossus
Funnel effect for swallowing
123
Musculus Uvuli
Closes off choane to keep food/water going up nose
124
3 parts of pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
125
Nasopharynx
opening of eustachian tubes (connect middle ear to nasopharynx), adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)
126
Oropharynx
begins @ uvula, ends @ epiglottis
127
Laryngopharynx
begins @ epiglottis, ends around C6, piriform recess - natural trap for food
128
all muscles of Pharynx are innervated by (note exception..)
all CN X EXCEPT stylopharyngeus (IX)
129
Larynx begins at
| Larynx ends at
C4-C6
130
lateral geniculate body relay nuclei relays
vision
131
ventral posterior relay nucleus relays
pain/temp.
