Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

P&P final > Small ruminant P & P (Maunsell) > Flashcards

Small ruminant P & P (Maunsell) Flashcards

(92 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Outline

A
  1. small ruminant production
  2. smal ruminant veterinary practice
  3. health management and Prev. Med
  4. Overview of important/common production limited dz
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

percent of worlds goats that live in developing countries

A

96%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

world wide there are more goats than

A

cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Use of goats

A
  • meat
  • fiber: cashmere, mohair/angora
  • dairy: milk and cheese
  • skins: leather, clothing
  • specialty
    • pets and companions
    • brush/weed control
    • pack/draft
    • scientific
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

goats in US in 2012

A
  • 2.7 million
    • mostly meat: Boer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

meat breeds

A
  • Boer
  • Spanish
  • Kiko
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pet goat breeds

A
  • fainting
  • pygmy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fainting goats

A
  • Cl channel defect
  • physical activity, auditory, visual stimuli
  • autosomal dominant, not obvious at birth
  • No treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fiber breeds

A
  • Angora
    • mohair
    • meat
  • Other
    • produce cashmere (this is not a breed)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

common dairy goat breeds

A
  • alpine
  • La mancha
  • nubian
  • oberhasli
  • saanen
  • toggenburg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sheep worldwide

A
  • 1.2 billion
    • largest in China, Australia, India, Iran
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Uses for sheep

A
  • Fiber: wool for clothing, carpet
  • meat
  • dairy: cheese
  • skins: leather, clothing, rugs
  • specialty: scientific
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Number sheep in US in 2012

A
  • 5.4 million
    • mostly in west
  • 80% for meat some fiber
    • grain or grass-finishing
    • hair sheep fasting growing segment of US industry
  • veterinary services not widely used by US sheep producers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Common sheep breeds in US

A
  • Cheviot
  • Dorset
  • Hampshire
  • Southdown
  • Suffolk
  • Texel
  • Tunis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Common fine-wool breeds

A
  • merina
  • Rambouillet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Common long-wool sheep breeds

A
  • border Leicester
  • romney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dual purpose sheep breeds

A
  • Corriedale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dairy sheep breeds

A
  • East friesian
  • Lacaune
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hair sheep breeds in US

A
  • originated from hot environments
  • no need to shear
  • many non-seasonal breeders
  • common breeds
    • dorper
    • katahdin
    • royal white
    • st. croix
    • barbados blackbelly
    • american blackbelly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Small ruminat dairy regulatory standards

A
  • somatic cell count
    • higher normal SCC than cow milk (cows: most sold at less than 450 million)
    • legal limit 1 x 106 cells
  • standard plate count (total aerobic bact count)
    • same as for cow milk
    • legal limit 100,000 cells/m
    • reasonable goal is < 5,000 cells/ml
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Raw milk consumption

A
  • milk, cream, yogurt & ice cream
    • butter and cheese not considered raw b/c of processing
  • sale of raw milk for human consumption illegal in some states (FL)
    • some states allow in circumstances
  • consumption of raw milk widespread
  • most raw small ruminant milk and milk products high quality
    • be aware of zoonotic dz risks associated with raw milk consumption
    • sub-clinical fungal mastitis - don’t drink this milk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Zoonoses related to raw milk consumption

A
  • risk foodborne dz from raw milk products 150 x higher than if you don’t consume raw products
  • zoonoses
    • campylobacter jejuni
    • Q fever outbreak (mostly from contact tho)
      • washington
      • oregon
      • montana
    • Listeriosis
  • 5.2 outbreaks zoonoses per year
    • children/teenagers
    • immunocompromised
  • Serious issue in countries with Brucella melitensis: there is a vaccine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

true/fals

There are more goats worldwide than cattle?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

True/false

Boer, Spanish and Kiko are popular meat goat breeds in US?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
**true/false** **Small ruminant milk typically has a lower somatic cell count than cow milk**
**false**
26
**true/false** **Meat and wool production are most common uses of sheep in US\>**
**true**
27
Distinguishing sheep from goats
* Sheep * tail always hangs down * never beard or wattles * More distinct upper lip divided by distinct philtrum * Goats * many are horned * tail usually erect * beards, wattles
28
Goat behavoir
* \> 50% time browsing (prefer * picky eaters, but will try things * climb, rocky elevated locations * antagonistic behavoir: sideways hooking motion * fighting: rear on hind legs * alarm signal: high pitched neeze * curious, not as easily frightened as sheep * newborns: 'lying out' will freeze some distance from mother
29
Behavoir of sheep
* Grazers: monotonous diet * Grasslands, not climbers * antagonistic behavoir: butt head on * fighting: butt head on * alarm signal: snort and stamp one forefoot, compact bunch * when frightened: run in flock * stress results from isolation/unfamiliarity * newborns: 'lying in' remain close to mom
30
Moving sheep
* move better around corners and up hills * prefer well-lighted areas * respond well to herding dogs * be away of crushing in corners of confined spaces * sheep: make move in group
31
Individual restrain
* standing one hand under mandible and other holding tail * Goats can be restrained at BASE of horn not tip (torquing) * Sheep can bbe sat on rump * can be trained to halter
32
Moving
* Move in groups * don't overcrowd * avoid transport * pregnant ewes/does in last 4-6 weeks gestation * heat and cold stress considerations
33
PE SIck/from normal
* Look from distance * animal may be listless, not eating when others are * poorer body condition * lagging behind group * resting/walking on knees
34
PE special considerations rams
* check sinuses: tap on sinuses, can listen with stethascope * feel for air out of nostril * funky smell * teeth
35
body weight
* weight tapes * dairy animals * meat animals * record weights when giving meds for DOSING!
36
BCS
* BCS 1: spine prominant and sharp, transverse process sharp * **BCS 3: Spine rounded and smooth, transverse process smooth and rounded** * **​IDEAL** * BCS 5: Spine not detectable fat dimple over space, r
37
Estimating age of sheep and goats
* \< 1 yr old: no permanent teeth * 1 yr old: 2 permanent teeth * 2 yr old: 4 permanent teeth * 3 yr old: 6 permanent teeth * 4 yr old: 8 permanent teeth * \> 4 yrs old: worn permanent teeth
38
Drug use in Small ruminants
* few approved FDA drugs * extra-label permitted **only** when animal's health threatened or animal is suffering * not allowed if will cause residue * requires valid VCPR * restricts use by laypeople * permits admin via water * disallows in or on fee
39
Nutrition
* Water: clean, fresh, sensitive, 3.5-15 liters/day, doubles in pregnancy/lactation * Feeding systems * appropriate mineral supplement * BCS 2.5-3 * no more than 1 pound grain a day
40
Nutrition Breeding males
* enter season close to a 4 * lose about 10% BW during breeding season * 1-2 lbs per grain before season/or pasture equivalent 4-6 weeks before breeding season * other wise maintenance level feed
41
Nutrition adult females
* should be in BCS 2.5-3 at breeding * early gestation: build/maintain BCS 3-3.5 * can maintain on pasture/range or mod quality hay * late gestation (last 6 weeks) 70-80% fetal growth * Ewes: 2-2.5 pounds cereal grain * Does: 1-2 lb concentrate * Lactation: peak milk prod 2-3 weeks post-partum * 0.5-1 pound concentrate/4 lb milk * fed as TMR or after hay to avoid acidosis
42
Feeding kids and lambs Newborns
* Colostrum: 10% bw in first 12h (4-6 hours) * 3d-6weeks: 15-20% of bw milk * make sure if milk replacer it is small ruminant, not cow * 3 weeks: start to eat significant amt of solid feed
43
Nutrition: kids and lambs
* creep feed * kids and lambs can reach, but not adults * accelerates rumin development * start at 1-2 weeks of age * include a coccidiostat
44
Nutrition: finishing (weaning to market)
* feedlots: avoid rumen acidosis * 10% roughage * include rumen buffers * avoid sudden dietary changes
45
Toxic plants
don't see a ton of toxicity -usually only in starving animals
46
**true/false** **Pet sheep and goats tend to become obese and should be limit fed to maintain BCS of 2.5 to 3.0 out of 5.**
**true**
47
**true/false** **Sheep prefer to obtain 80% of diet by browsing and about 20% by grazing.**
**false**
48
**true/false** **Urine acidifiers are often used in diets of pet wethers to help prevent urolithiasis.**
**true**
49
**true/false** **Ewes and does typically require supplemental feeding in late gestation, particularly when carrying multiple fetuses.**
**true**
50
**true/false** **To avoid rumen acidosis when feeding large amounts of grain, it should be fed as part of a TMR or following hay feeding.**
**true**
51
Repro management
* puberty varies * 5-12 months old * first breeding at 70% mature size * reproductive rate * # offspring per female exposed for breeding
52
Repro seasonality in ewes and does
* seasonally poly-estrus: short day breeders * melatonin * shortening day length * affected by many factors * induction of cyclicity by abrupt intro of male * Whitten Effect: early start on breeding season
53
Breeding
* Heat * does: flagging, vocalizing, mounting * Bucks - smelly to handle during rut * urine spraying, inc scent gland activity * smell attracts female, helps trigger estrus * most is natural service * AI based on heat detection or timed AI
54
Pregnancy dx in ewes and does
* progesterone * diagnosing non-preg by low progesterone \> 5 days post breeding * preg-specific protein b * ultrasound: 45-90 days * any later you cant count multiples
55
Scrapie ear tags
* required for sheep and goats \> 1 yr of age moving via interstate commerce
56
Disbudding goat kids
* most goat breeds: * 5-7 days does * 3-5 days bucks * nubian, pygmy, angora: 10-14 days * restraint, sedation * zylazine/ketamine/butorphanol * gas anesthesia * local nerve block * be careful with lidocaine doses * dilute 2% lidocaine to 0.5% with sterile water * inject 1 ml over each 4 nerves
57
DIsbudding
* clip hair over bud * heat cautery iron to destroy horn corium * apply for 10 seconds * better than caustic paste * older goats * small barnes calf dehorner up to 6 weeks of age * surgical dehorning under general anesthesia
58
Descenting
* usually removed with disbudding in horned males * may be sx removed * males castrated before 7.5 months don't develop the gland
59
**true/false** **If male kids are castrated prior to puberty, the scent glands on the head do not mature.**
**True**
60
**true/false** **Goat kids should generally be disbudded in the first week of life, except Nubian, Pygmy and Angora kids at 10-14 days.**
**true**
61
**true/false** **To disbud kids, an electric dehorning iron should be applied to bud for 60 seconds.**
**false (max 10 seconds)**
62
**true/false** **lidocaine should typically be diluted to 0.5% prior to use for disbudding goat kids.**
**true**
63
Castration
* elastrator bands may predispose to tetanus * burdizzo: closed castration by crushing spermaticord * also may predispose to tetanus * surgical * lidocaine, NSAIDS * 70% ram lambs castrated in US * Older male * surgical with deep sedation and local blocks
64
castration timing
* best done 4-14 days unless to be pets (urolithiasis) * pets do at 6-8 weeks old esp in pygmies or mini breeds
65
Tail docking of lambs
* common for wool breeds * prevents manure build up * best at \> 24hrs to 7 days of age * must be before 6 weeks old * length * should cover vulva * if too short predisposes to rectal prolapse and perineal neoplasia * Must be longer than caudal tail fold
66
Hoof care
* trim twice yearly * manual or air compression driven shears
67
Preventative health
* targeted parasite control * vaccination schedules * time periods * weaning to breeding * maintenance * late gestation * lactating * rams and bucks * pets (Clostridium CDT)
68
Nematode parasites
* Haemonchus * H. contortus most sig with respect to clinical dz and resistance in SE USA * Ostertagia * problem in temperate climates * Trichostrongylus * inc susceptibility: * overcrowding, overgrazing, malnutrition, poor quality pasture
69
FAMACHA
* treat 4s and 5s * check every 3-4 weeks * cull animals requiring many txs
70
Controlling internal parasites
* dont feed on ground, clean waterers * pasture management * don't overstock * rest pastures (2-6 months) * treated animals should go onto contaminated pastures or mixed with untreated animals * supplement feed if pastures is stressed * multi-species grazing * tannin rich forage * quarantine new arrivals * **genetic selection for parasite-resistant populations**
71
Routine vaccinations
* clostridium perfringens C, D * Tetanus * contagious ecthyma (orf) if a prolem in herd
72
other vaccine
* if dam vaccination * vaccinate babies at 10 wks, booster 2-4 weeks later * if dam not vaccinated * vaccinate at 4 weeks, booster 2-4 weeks later * use antitoxin if needed for additional interim protection
73
non-routine vaccines
* 7 or 8 way clostridial vaccines * rabies * intranasal P13 * Respiratory syncitial virus * abortion dzs * footrot * caseous lymphadenitis * enterotoxogenic E. Coli
74
care neonates
* colostrum * if \> 24 hours: plasma transfusion * dip naval * assisst at first nursing * inject with vit E/selenium in Se-deficient areas * including Florida
75
5 Cs of lamb/kid raising
1. colostrum 2. calories 3. cleanliness 4. comfort 5. consistency
76
predation
* Lamas * guard dogs * donkeys
77
Contagious ecthyma
* parapox virus (sore mouth, orf) * signs * blisters mouth, teats * prognosis: good, self-limiting * prevention: vaccination (use a scab) * zoonotic: use gloves
78
external parasites
* lice (bloodsucking and biting, sheep/goat specific) * mites (sarcoptic, chorioptic, psorptic and demodectic mange) * skin scrapings
79
Caseous lymphadenitis
* corynebacterium pseudotuburculosis * lymph node abcess * prog: recovery is rare * prevention: sanitation, cull * TX: drain or sx * prevention: quarantine/sanitize, make shearers sanitize equiptment
80
polyarthritis
* mycoplasma, chlamydia pecorum * usually yount animals * prognosis: poor * prevention: maintain closed herd * tx: oxytetracycline 5 days
81
foot rot
* dichelobacter nodosus (foot) + Fusobacterium necrophorum (soil) * severe lameness, foul odor * prognosis: animals can be carriers * prevention: foot trimming and food baths, cull chronics * dz can be eradicated
82
Scrapie
* prion dz * 1-5 yrs old, pruritis, bruxism, CNS * fatal and irreversible * reportable dz
83
Tetanus
* clostridium tetani * CS same as other spp * prog: poor * tx: vaccination, antitoxin after wounds/high risk procedures
84
Coccidiosis
* imp prob in small ruminants (several species) * dz around weaning, and feedlot lambs * diarrhea, tenesmus possible, bloody mucus, weight loss * amprolium or sulfa drugs * animals will never reach their potential
85
Blue tongue
* orbivirus * can be severe in fl * mostly sheep for clinical dz * spread by flies * fever, sudden death, erosions on lips/gums/tongues * prog: poor * vaccination only in cali * reduce exposure * supportive care only tx
86
pregnancy toxemia
* often fatal, caused by negative energy balance * hypoglycemia, inc fat catabolism, ketones, CNS signs * indications for c-sections * can induce parturtition, IV dextrose * Prevention: high plane nutrition last 2 months gestation
87
**Name the dz:** **Weight loss and ill thrift in mature animals.**
**Paratuberculosis**
88
**name the dz:** **Chronic, progressive pruritis**
**scrapie**
89
**name the orgnism:** **Caseous lymphadenitis**
**corynebacterium ovis**
90
**name the dz:** **Diarrhea in post-weaning lambs and kids**
**coccidiosis**
91
**name the dz:** **Often concurrent cases of arthritis**
**Mycoplasmal pneumonia**
92
**name the dz:** **Feed a diet with a calcium:phosphorous ratio of at 2:1**
**Urolithiasis**

P&P final (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions