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SOC212 > SOC212 - 1. Intro > Flashcards

SOC212 - 1. Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Introduction

A

deviant for 1 person may not be for another
deviant in 1 situation may not be in another
Selling organs – can be seen as helpful because saving lives

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2
Q

Introduction

A

concept of deviance uniquely sociological
Varies by time, place + situation
emerges from a social context
Happen more often in some places or times

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3
Q

Downloading Vs Piracy

A

Piracy – illegal
But a lot of ppl have done it
Internet has always been used to share it
Napster – first time to access tons of music for free
So many ppl doing it, but it’s illegal, is it deviant

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4
Q

What Is deviance?

A

little consensus
collection of conditions, persons, or acts that society
Disvalues, Finds offensive, Condemns

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5
Q

What Is deviance?

A

definitions avoid critical question:
How/why ppl classify acts and/or individuals as offensive
Positive Deviance: fail to recognize possibility that deviance might include highly valued differences

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6
Q

What Is deviance?: 1951 – Lenart

A

study grew out of social pathology perspectives
interested in behaviours that departed from norm
nature + what makes it deviant
how one comes to commit the act
consequences + how they are enforced
suicide, crime, substance abuse, addiction, prositution, sexual orientation

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7
Q

Definitions of Deviance: Reactivist (Relativist) Definition

A

no universal/unchanging entity that defines it
in eye of the beholder
occurs through reactions of other
social groups create deviance by creating rules

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8
Q

Definitions of Deviance: Problems

A

If results from reactions of others, how do ppl know what deviance is?
How do they know when/how to label a given instance of
behavior as deviance?
How do people know how to react to deviance?

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9
Q

Reactivist Problems

A

Norms provide basis for reacting to deviance, as social reactions express norms + identify deviance

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10
Q

Definitions of Deviance: Normative Definition

A

violation of social norms
Norm standard “what human beings should/should
not think, say, or do under given circumstances”
not necessarily common
What “should”/“should not” be rather than “what is”

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11
Q

What are norms?

A

social properties, shared group evaluations, or guidelines
expectations about behaviour + conduct that are based on habit/traditional customs
Violations draw reactions/sanctions from social audiences
many laws are based on norms, but not all norms are laws

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12
Q

Statistical Definition

A

Emphasizes behavior differs from avg experience

cites rare/infrequent phenomena

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13
Q

Statistical Definition

A

Problem – Missed meaning
looking only at frequency
no real concept for change

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14
Q

Absolutist Definition

A

Assumes everyone agrees on obvious, basic rules
results from violations of previously defined standards of
acceptable behavior
Assumes everyone agrees certain violations of rules

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15
Q

Absolutist Definition

A

What is deviant stem from interests of elite
Problem – Ignores many facets of social life. Top down.
focuses around values
lot of bottom up stuff as well

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16
Q

Reactivist Definition

A

deviance as behavior/conditions labeled deviant by others
acts as deviant only according to social reactions
determined through labels applied by society/agents of social control

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17
Q

Reactivist Definition

A

Critics acknowledge importance of interactions betw deviants + social control agents, but assert interactions do not define the term

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18
Q

Reactivist Definition

A

doesn’t explain why it is deviance

what happens if ppl don’t get caught? – is it still deviant because no one is reacting to your act

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19
Q

Social Norms

A

Expectations of conduct that regulate human behavior + social relations
Norms vary according to: How widely people accept them, How society enforces them, How it transmits them, How much conformity they require

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20
Q

Social Norms

A

Stable vs Variable: some require more force
most ppl don’t murder – doesn’t require much reinforcement
dress codes – more variable
•Proscriptive norms – not do
•Prescriptive norms – things we should do

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21
Q

Social Norms

A

deviance through social lenses of group or culture
social role – have an idea of the script
outlines proper conduct
pressured to act in ways depending on their role

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22
Q

Social Norms

A

certain acts more appropriate as a student in class than a patient in a doctors office
expectations diff depending on role and situation
someone can who conflicting roles - religious vs rebelious
can lead to strife

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23
Q

Differentiation & Deviance

A

ppl differ from 1 another in # of ways:
Age, sex, race, educational attainment + occupational status
refers to such variations
general level, deviance also refers to differentness
can occur in every society which have some differences

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24
Q

Differentiation & Deviance: Emile Durkheim (1895/1982)

A

Deviance is normal + constant
Conditions promote social differentiation also promote deviance
culture where not a lot of differentation, less criteria to compare ppl’s diff

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25
Q

Differentiation & Deviance

A

Modern, industrial societies may differ by:
Age, sex, race, urban v. rural, etc.
Deviance changes with social conditions

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26
Q

Differentiation & Deviance: Benefits

A 
maintains social order
help us change and evolve
fosters social cohesion
during times of strife, constrict, reinforces
feel united against the other
when the need lessens, loses cohesion
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27
Q

Differentiation & Deviance: Stratified Societies

A

↑ social stratification = ↑ criteria for comparing people = ↑ deviance
indivs fall to lower ranks, also feel disvalued based on rankings
lead to animosity or conflict + often unequal access to resources

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28
Q

Differentiation & Deviance: Stratified Societies

A

signals us as to which is important in society
High school degree vs. Masters degree
Factory worker vs. Corporate climber
Lower class vs. Middle class

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29
Q

Differentiation & Deviance

A

Some recommended leaving deviance undefined
judgments of deviance do not refer constant standards.
Deviance constantly changing + eliciting varying degrees of disapproval

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30
Q

Social Power

A

ability to make choices by virtue of control over political,
economic, or social resources (media).
Powerful people often define standards for deviance

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31
Q

Social Power

A

White-collar crimes – cause a lot of financial + environmental harm but not really punished
treat it less serious than street crime
upper lass can avoid label because dealt with through administration

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32
Q

Differentiation & Deviance: Why do some individuals get punished and others who do not over the same act?

A

Norm promotion: ability to successfully promote particular norms to exclusion of other, competing norms

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33
Q

Differentiation & Deviance

A

Social judgments of disvaluement represent a core component of the concept of deviance.
norms + definitions can change as diff groups gain power

34
Q

Subcultures

A

culture within a culture – a collection of norms, values + beliefs which distinguished from the dominant culture.
For example: Gang subculture, Goth subculture, LGBTQ subculture

35
Q

Subcultures

A

Acts labeled deviant in one group may be acceptable in another
implies that ppl still participate and share in larger culture

36
Q

Subcultures

A

goth – black clothes, maybe not appropriate in other groups
gang subculture – violence would be diff
sexual expression would be diff –lgtbq

37
Q

Subcultures

A

Counterculture – like a subculture but in opposition to larger culture
may arise in highly differentiated, complex societies
represent collective solutions to shared problems posed by dominant culture (Cohen, 1955)

38
Q

Subcultures

A

Provides social support for members
Enhances self-esteem by suggesting rationales for conditions
Offers practical suggestions for independent survival

39
Q

Relativity of Deviance

A

Deviance behaviors that happen to offend some groups

Norms imply relative judgments (limited to groups, places, and times), as such, deviance is also a relative phenomenon.

40
Q

Relativity of Deviance

A

wide variety that exist in western society
same will gain status of deviant while others will not
often linked with deviant behaviours
influences and contextualizes substance abuse, crime, violence

41
Q

Creating Deviance

A

Deviance often socially created condition
Deviance socially created when: Groups perceive threats + attempts alleviate threats by advocating to others of legitimacy of their priorities

42
Q

Creating Deviance

A

Moral Panics: arousing social concern over issue
panics - use situation and present certain presentation of it to promote change
Drunk Driving, Drugs
Normative changes may display predictable patterns
sometimes will change as we change

43
Q

Determining Norms and the Content of Deviance

A

Life Cycle of Deviance

Group campaigns: may gain legitimacy as they are campaigned for

44
Q

Determining Norms and the Content of Deviance

A

Changing norms complicate attempts to evaluate standards for deviance

45
Q

Determining Norms and the Content of Deviance

A

highlight rules that are unfair
smoking + drunk driving – used to be normal
changes due to change in status or advocacy of the group
can complicate standards for deviance

46
Q

Social Problems

A

Social problems not necessarily linked to deviance yet, at times, may overlap.
Lack of education rates, Unemployment rates, Poverty
not a causal relationship, but a correlation

47
Q

Why do ppl conform to rules and norms, even when obedience contradicts their own interests?

A

Social control may be narrowed down to “overt behavior by a human in the belief that
behavior increases or decreases the probability of some subsequent condition
increase or decrease is desirable

48
Q

Social Control

A

how social groups deal with behaviour that violates social norms
Deviant behaviors result in sanctions/reactions to behavior or condition
nature + strength of reactions vary with deviant conduct

49
Q

Social Control

A

how we enact sanctions
serves purpose of creating conformity
not all equal
some norms have more fluidity such as dress codes

50
Q

Processes of Social Control

A

1) Internalization of group norms: Norms learned + accepted
socialization process that motivates members to conform to group expectations
Ppl generally learn mechanisms of social control, like customs, traditions, beliefs, attitudes + values, through interactions with others

51
Q

Social Control

A

learn norms tend to accept them as default and we take them for granted

52
Q

Sanctions (external pressures)

A

social reactions
Negative sanctions: punishments which discourage deviant behaviors
Positive sanctions rewards that encourage behaviors conducive to societal norms - raise or bonus marks

53
Q

Informal Social Controls

A

Unofficial actions by groups or indivs
Churches, business and labor, groups, educational
institutions, and clubs
gossip, criticisms, glances, praises
Most effective among people with close relationships – family, friends

54
Q

Informal Social Controls

A

Braithwaite (1989) shame as informal social control: shame can stop criminal behaviour more than law
didn’t want ppl to judge them as opposed to being locked up

55
Q

Formal Social Controls

A

criminal punishments by official groups to express collective norms
Organized systems of reactions from specialized agencies + organizations informal social controls are ineffective or lacking, state agencies provide formal social control

56
Q

Formal Social Controls

A

State agencies may include police, courts, and correctional system
teachers, employers, doctors, religious leaders

57
Q

Formal Social Controls

A

administered by people who occupy positions or roles
within institutions
Society charges who agents of social control to determine reactions to (sanctions for) behavior

58
Q

Formal Social Controls

A

societies with a lot of differentiation
not as many close relationships among ppl so end up relying more on laws
role – represent institutions
more prescriptive

59
Q

Formal Social Controls

A

Institutions of social control reward those who comply with norms or exceeds expectations
Rewards may be given through bonuses, raises, awards + honored positions
political state agents do not distribute positive sanctions, or
rewards, as a way to maintain social control.

60
Q

Formal Social Controls

A

-

61
Q

Law as Social Control

A

Law represents: formal system of social control + conditions of society
Two major views of the origins of law
Consensus: law emerges to embody and reflect the strong,
majority sentiment of the population.

62
Q

Law as Social Control

A

Conflict: that law reflects successful actions by certain groups with enough power to legislate according to their
own interests.

63
Q

Law as Social Control

A

Chambliss, 1964: plague wiped out half of labour force
increase in wages and problems for land owners
illegal to not accept work and to flee in search for higher wages
blatant attempt to keep ppl from looking for better jobs and prevent increases in wage
provide landowners with cheap labour

64
Q

Law as Social Control

A

Laws originate from gov, many acts were recognized by society as being wrong + worthy of punishment by a central authority or otherwise beforehand.
Murder, robbery + assault have long been considered violations of common law, an Anglo-Saxon legal tradition
defining law as judicial precedent rather than statutory definition

65
Q

Law as Social Control

A

Governments have incorporated common law by codifying the prohibitions
deviant before they were laws
1/3rd lives under common law

66
Q

Law as Social Control

A

Henry 2nd in england propagated eventually to the rest of the world
Want initially to restore the religion

67
Q

Law as Social Control

A

Same sex marriage
Issues like sex ed continue to evolve and change
Certain rules around sex work and drugs have arguable created more harm than good
laws around certain things such as cancer makes no sense
law can do very little sometimes such as robbery

68
Q

What kinds of problems can the law solve?

A

Criminal law is social + political product
Disagreements about laws are unavoidable
Questions are raised regarding:
What acts are prohibited? How to punish violators?
What powers are appropriate for the police + government?

69
Q

What kinds of problems can the law solve?

A

complex relationship between criminal law + problems that it addresses
What kinds of problems can the law fix?

70
Q

Law and Social Control

A

What kinds of problems does the law create?
penalties can sometimes result in unexpected outcome
vandalism – ppl then wanna do it

71
Q

What kinds of problems should the law address?

A
  1. should target behavior that represents harm to others

John Stuart Mill – states should exercise power over citizens to prevent harm to others

72
Q

What kinds of problems should the law address?

A
  1. should highlight behavior that violates moral beliefs of a
    large number of people
    Acts that generate strong consensus of immorality should be prosecuted by the state
73
Q

What kinds of problems should the

law address?

A

-

74
Q

Limits of the Law

A
  1. should target acts that state can enforce
    law itself, at times, can do little against crimes (random robberies, sexual assaults + residential burglaries)
    Legal sanctions may deter some acts, but not all are premeditated
75
Q

Limits of the Law

A

-

76
Q

Limits of the Law

A

-

77
Q

Irony of Social Control

A

expected outcome is different than the actual outcome.

Some indivs participate in deviant behaviours while occupying conventional roles

78
Q

Primary & Secondary Deviance

A

Primary deviance (Lemert, 1951): do not see themselves as deviants
act itself is primary
Once engaged in primary deviance, may develop secondary deviance through further participation in deviant subculture

79
Q

Primary & Secondary Deviance

A

Secondary deviants acquire deviant roles that increase participation in deviant subcultures
Promote acquisition of knowledge + rationalizations for behavior
Boost skills at avoiding detection + sanctions
deviant self concept, identifiy with deviant subculture – lgbtq

80
Q

Primary & Secondary Deviance

A

start to feel they are being deviant + other ppl react to it as deviance
learn more about deviant subculture or how to get away with it

81
Q

Primary & Secondary Deviance

A

Tertiary Deviance: attempt to change meaning of the label – prostitution – reframed to sex work
homosexual behaviour to lgbtq

SOC212 (13 decks)

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