SOC212 - 1. Intro Flashcards

Question

Differentiation & Deviance

Answer 1

Modern, industrial societies may differ by: Age, sex, race, urban v. rural, etc. Deviance changes with social conditions

Answer 2

``` maintains social order help us change and evolve fosters social cohesion during times of strife, constrict, reinforces feel united against the other when the need lessens, loses cohesion ```

Answer 3

↑ social stratification = ↑ criteria for comparing people = ↑ deviance indivs fall to lower ranks, also feel disvalued based on rankings lead to animosity or conflict + often unequal access to resources

Answer 4

signals us as to which is important in society High school degree vs. Masters degree Factory worker vs. Corporate climber Lower class vs. Middle class

Answer 5

Some recommended leaving deviance undefined judgments of deviance do not refer constant standards. Deviance constantly changing + eliciting varying degrees of disapproval

Answer 6

ability to make choices by virtue of control over political, economic, or social resources (media). Powerful people often define standards for deviance

Answer 7

White-collar crimes – cause a lot of financial + environmental harm but not really punished treat it less serious than street crime upper lass can avoid label because dealt with through administration

Answer 8

Norm promotion: ability to successfully promote particular norms to exclusion of other, competing norms

Answer 9

Social judgments of disvaluement represent a core component of the concept of deviance. norms + definitions can change as diff groups gain power

Answer 10

culture within a culture – a collection of norms, values + beliefs which distinguished from the dominant culture. For example: Gang subculture, Goth subculture, LGBTQ subculture

Answer 11

Acts labeled deviant in one group may be acceptable in another implies that ppl still participate and share in larger culture

Answer 12

goth – black clothes, maybe not appropriate in other groups gang subculture – violence would be diff sexual expression would be diff –lgtbq

Answer 13

Counterculture – like a subculture but in opposition to larger culture may arise in highly differentiated, complex societies represent collective solutions to shared problems posed by dominant culture (Cohen, 1955)

Answer 14

Provides social support for members Enhances self-esteem by suggesting rationales for conditions Offers practical suggestions for independent survival

Answer 15

Deviance behaviors that happen to offend some groups | Norms imply relative judgments (limited to groups, places, and times), as such, deviance is also a relative phenomenon.

Answer 16

wide variety that exist in western society same will gain status of deviant while others will not often linked with deviant behaviours influences and contextualizes substance abuse, crime, violence

Answer 17

Deviance often socially created condition Deviance socially created when: Groups perceive threats + attempts alleviate threats by advocating to others of legitimacy of their priorities

Answer 18

Moral Panics: arousing social concern over issue panics - use situation and present certain presentation of it to promote change Drunk Driving, Drugs Normative changes may display predictable patterns sometimes will change as we change

Answer 19

Life Cycle of Deviance | Group campaigns: may gain legitimacy as they are campaigned for

Answer 20

Changing norms complicate attempts to evaluate standards for deviance

Answer 21

highlight rules that are unfair smoking + drunk driving – used to be normal changes due to change in status or advocacy of the group can complicate standards for deviance

Answer 22

Social problems not necessarily linked to deviance yet, at times, may overlap. Lack of education rates, Unemployment rates, Poverty not a causal relationship, but a correlation

Answer 23

Social control may be narrowed down to “overt behavior by a human in the belief that behavior increases or decreases the probability of some subsequent condition increase or decrease is desirable

Answer 24

how social groups deal with behaviour that violates social norms Deviant behaviors result in sanctions/reactions to behavior or condition nature + strength of reactions vary with deviant conduct

Answer 25

how we enact sanctions serves purpose of creating conformity not all equal some norms have more fluidity such as dress codes

Answer 26

1) Internalization of group norms: Norms learned + accepted socialization process that motivates members to conform to group expectations Ppl generally learn mechanisms of social control, like customs, traditions, beliefs, attitudes + values, through interactions with others

Answer 27

learn norms tend to accept them as default and we take them for granted

Answer 28

social reactions Negative sanctions: punishments which discourage deviant behaviors Positive sanctions rewards that encourage behaviors conducive to societal norms - raise or bonus marks

Answer 29

Unofficial actions by groups or indivs Churches, business and labor, groups, educational institutions, and clubs gossip, criticisms, glances, praises Most effective among people with close relationships – family, friends

Answer 30

Braithwaite (1989) shame as informal social control: shame can stop criminal behaviour more than law didn’t want ppl to judge them as opposed to being locked up

Answer 31

criminal punishments by official groups to express collective norms Organized systems of reactions from specialized agencies + organizations informal social controls are ineffective or lacking, state agencies provide formal social control

Answer 32

State agencies may include police, courts, and correctional system teachers, employers, doctors, religious leaders

Answer 33

administered by people who occupy positions or roles within institutions Society charges who agents of social control to determine reactions to (sanctions for) behavior

Answer 34

societies with a lot of differentiation not as many close relationships among ppl so end up relying more on laws role – represent institutions more prescriptive

Answer 35

Institutions of social control reward those who comply with norms or exceeds expectations Rewards may be given through bonuses, raises, awards + honored positions political state agents do not distribute positive sanctions, or rewards, as a way to maintain social control.

Answer 36

Law represents: formal system of social control + conditions of society Two major views of the origins of law Consensus: law emerges to embody and reflect the strong, majority sentiment of the population.

Answer 37

Conflict: that law reflects successful actions by certain groups with enough power to legislate according to their own interests.

Answer 38

Chambliss, 1964: plague wiped out half of labour force increase in wages and problems for land owners illegal to not accept work and to flee in search for higher wages blatant attempt to keep ppl from looking for better jobs and prevent increases in wage provide landowners with cheap labour

Answer 39

Laws originate from gov, many acts were recognized by society as being wrong + worthy of punishment by a central authority or otherwise beforehand. Murder, robbery + assault have long been considered violations of common law, an Anglo-Saxon legal tradition defining law as judicial precedent rather than statutory definition

Answer 40

Governments have incorporated common law by codifying the prohibitions deviant before they were laws 1/3rd lives under common law

Answer 41

Henry 2nd in england propagated eventually to the rest of the world Want initially to restore the religion

Answer 42

Same sex marriage Issues like sex ed continue to evolve and change Certain rules around sex work and drugs have arguable created more harm than good laws around certain things such as cancer makes no sense law can do very little sometimes such as robbery

Answer 43

Criminal law is social + political product Disagreements about laws are unavoidable Questions are raised regarding: What acts are prohibited? How to punish violators? What powers are appropriate for the police + government?

Answer 44

complex relationship between criminal law + problems that it addresses What kinds of problems can the law fix?

Answer 45

What kinds of problems does the law create? penalties can sometimes result in unexpected outcome vandalism – ppl then wanna do it

Answer 46

1. should target behavior that represents harm to others | John Stuart Mill – states should exercise power over citizens to prevent harm to others

Answer 47

2. should highlight behavior that violates moral beliefs of a large number of people Acts that generate strong consensus of immorality should be prosecuted by the state

Answer 48

3. should target acts that state can enforce law itself, at times, can do little against crimes (random robberies, sexual assaults + residential burglaries) Legal sanctions may deter some acts, but not all are premeditated

Answer 49

expected outcome is different than the actual outcome. | Some indivs participate in deviant behaviours while occupying conventional roles

Answer 50

Primary deviance (Lemert, 1951): do not see themselves as deviants act itself is primary Once engaged in primary deviance, may develop secondary deviance through further participation in deviant subculture

Answer 51

Secondary deviants acquire deviant roles that increase participation in deviant subcultures Promote acquisition of knowledge + rationalizations for behavior Boost skills at avoiding detection + sanctions deviant self concept, identifiy with deviant subculture – lgbtq

Answer 52

start to feel they are being deviant + other ppl react to it as deviance learn more about deviant subculture or how to get away with it

Answer 53

Tertiary Deviance: attempt to change meaning of the label – prostitution – reframed to sex work homosexual behaviour to lgbtq